• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.394-401
• /
• 2010

Resin flow, symptom development, and lignin biosynthesis in response to wounding and fungal inoculation were investigated in Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora. The two-year-old seedling stems were subjected to three types of treatments: (i) wounding without inoculation, (ii) wound-inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium circinatum, and (iii) pre-wounding woundinoculation with the fungus 20 days after the initial wounding. Resin flow from wounding sites was more evident in P. rigida than P. densiflora in all treatments. The wound-inoculation with the fungus induced almost two-fold higher levels of resin flow than the other treatments in both species. The pre-wounding woundinoculation appeared to result in a decrease in pitch canker development in the two pine species. Some reductions in disease severity were observed in the prewounding wound-inoculated P. rigida, showing a mean disease severity of less than 85%, compared with approximately 100% in the wound-inoculated stems. Disease severity was approximately 50% in the woundinoculated P. densiflora, whereas 10% in the pre-wounding wound-inoculated stems. Higher amounts of lignin were found from bark (ca. 40%) than from xylem (ca. 30%). The wound-inoculated bark and the pre-wounding wound-inoculated bark exhibited higher amounts of lignin among the other treatments. These results suggest that the wound-inoculation apparently prompt the increase in resin flow and lignin biosynthesis from the two pine species, and the prior wounding may be involved in decreased disease severity against the further invasion of F. circinatum.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.720-727
• /
• 2017

Antioxidants are known to affect the feeding habits of termites and a good source is pine bark which contains high levels of antioxidants which can be extracted with neutral solvents. In this study procyanidins (PCs)-rich MeOH-extract and a hot-water extract (HWE) were prepared from Pinus radiata bark. HWE was further separated into crude PCs (CPCs), polymeric PCs (PPCs), and low-molecular-weight PCs (LMWPCs) fractions. The MeOH extract and these fractions were examined for termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar) antifeedant activities using a no-choice test. Catechin was used as a positive control. The LMWPCs was found to be the most effective deterrent to termite feeding. The comparative efficiency of the compounds tested were LMWPCs > PPCs > CPCs > MeOH extract, with the latter being more dependent on molecular weight than on its antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제48권6호
• /
• pp.878-887
• /
• 2020

A neutral extract (NE), that is soluble in cold water and has excellent antioxidant activity, from Pinus radiata pine bark was prepared by sodium bicarbonate treatment, and its chemical characteristics were investigated. NE was prepared by treating P. radiata bark with 0.8% NaHCO₃ aqueous solution with a 5 : 1 liquor-to-bark ratio at boiling temperature for 1 h, resulting in 44% yield and final pH of 6.66. The yield of NE was 11% higher than that of the hot water extract (HWE) due to the increase in the solubility of polyphenols, the main component in the bark, by NaHCO₃ treatment. NE was characterized through FT-IR, NMR, and MALDI TOF MS analyses. The results indicated that NE is mostly composed of proanthocyanidins (PAs) consisting of procyanidin (PC) units. The acetylated neutral extract (Ac-NE) had weight average molecular weight (${\bar{M}}w$) of 5,300 Da. The Ac-NE had wide molecular weight distribution and its polydispersity (${\bar{M}}w/{\bar{M}}n$) was 6 times higher than that of pure PA. The antioxidant activity of NE was determined by 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and showed that NE had comparable antioxidant activity with pure PA.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.275-281
• /
• 2019

The pathological condition of excessive melanogenesis causing freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer has a critical impact on the wellness of individuals. The mechanism of melanogenesis is related to the expression of melanogenic enzymes. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of pine cone (Pinus densiflora) extracts on melanogenesis. P. densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species in the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. P. densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones are rarely used as natural raw materials, although they contain many bioactive phytochemicals. The pine cone ethyl acetate fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to B16F10 cells at a concentration of less than $100{\mu}g/mL$. PEF inhibited the expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related factors in B16F10 cells treated with 3-Isobutyl1-methylxanthine (IBMX). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural melanogenesis inhibitory agent.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.119-119
• /
• 2019

Pinus densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species of the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. Pinus densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones contain many bioactive phytochemicals, but they are rarely used as natural raw materials. This study was conducted to evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of pine cone extracts and its possbility of natural sources were evaluated. Pine cones were extracted with 80% methanol, concentrated and then partitioned with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was used as a sample. The Pine cone Ethyl acetate Fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of less than $50{\mu}g/ml$. PEF inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Also, It suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural material for anti-inflammatory agent.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제56권1호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2017

2007년에 잣나무림에서 하늘소과, 바구미과, 나무좀아과에 속하는 천공성 딱정벌레 군집을 말레이즈 트랩을 활용하여 조사하였다. 하늘소류 15종 184 개체, 바구미류 17종 185개체, 6종 1,246개체의 총 1,615개체 천공성 딱정벌레가 채집되었고 우점종은 왕녹나무좀이었다. 개체수에 따라 순위를 매겼을 때, 잣나무림에서 천공성 해충과 나무좀류 군집은 나무좀아과의 한 종에 의해 우점되어 생물다양성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 잣나무림에서 간벌은 나무좀과 암브로시아좀류의 풍부도에 영향을 미쳐 특정 임분에서의 개체군들은 간벌 1년 후 밀도가 증가했으나 그 후 감소하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.258-267
• /
• 2017

리기다소나무와 신갈나무 목분에 낙엽송 수피 또는/그리고 인공건조시 발생하는 폐액을 첨가제로 사용하여 펠릿을 제조하고, 이에 대한 연료적 특성의 분석을 통하여 고등급 목재펠릿 제조를 위한 원료 및 제조조건을 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 첨가제에 대한 화학적 조성을 조사한 결과, 수피는 90% 이상의 전섬유소와 리그닌으로 구성되어 있었으며, 건조폐액은 대부분 당 성분이라 추정되는 0.1%의 고형분을 가지고 있었다. 신갈나무 목분은 수피의 포함으로 회분 함량(2.2%)이 높았으며, 수피와 건조폐액도 4% 이상의 회분을 가진 것으로 조사되었다. 목분 및 첨가제의 발열량은 모두 국립산림과학원(NIFOS)에서 고시한 "목재제품의 규격과 품질기준"의 목재펠릿 1급 기준(18.0 MJ/kg) 보다 높았다. 피스톤형 펠릿성형기로 제조한 펠릿은 첨가제의 양이 2 wt%인 관계로 회분함량과 발열량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 내구성의 경우, 대부분의 제조 조건에서 첨가제의 사용에 의하여 증가하였다. 한편 첨가제로 수피 그리고 목분의 함수율 조절을 위하여 건조폐액을 함께 첨가하여 제조한 펠릿의 내구성은 첨가제없이 제조한 펠릿과 차이가 없었으며, 수피 또는 건조폐액을 각각 첨가제로 사용하여 제조한 펠릿보다 낮았다. 그러나 펠릿 제조비용 측면에서 건조폐액은 폐수처리에 따른 수익이 가능한 관계로 수피와 건조폐액을 공동으로 펠릿 제조에 사용하는 것이 유리할 것으로 생각한다. 피스톤형 펠릿성형기로 제조한 펠릿의 연료적 특성 측정 결과를 토대로 파일럿 규모의 평다이펠릿성형기로 리기다소나무 및 신갈나무 펠릿을 제조하였다. 제조된 펠릿의 함수율은 목분 및 첨가제의 사용과 상관없이 NIFOS 1급 기준($${\leq_-}$$10%)을 모두 만족하였다. 이에 대한 겉보기밀도와 내구성 측정결과를 종합하면, 첨가제의 사용은 리기다소나무의 경우 목분 함수율을 10%로 조절하고 수피나 건조폐액을 사용하는 것이 그리고 신갈나무의 경우 12%의 목분 함수율에 수피를 사용하는 것이 각각의 최적 목재펠릿 제조 조건이라 생각한다. 신갈나무 펠릿의 회분 함량을 제외하고 이 조건에서 제조한 목재펠릿의 품질은 NIFOS 목재펠릿 1급 기준을 크게 상회하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2001

삼보광산 폐수(총 중금속 농도 : 107 ppm) 에 함유되어 있는 중금속 $Zn^{2+}$(42.1 ppm) 과 $Mn^{2+}$(53.1 ppm)을 미처리 상수리나무와 소나무 수피로 정수하기 위하여 현장에서 칼럼 시험을 수행하였다. 수피 각각 6kg을 2단 칼럼(직경 45 cm, 높이 60 cm) 에 나누어 넣고 1 ${\ell}$/min의 유속으로 폐수를 칼럼에 통과시키며 15일간 일정 시간마다 여액의 중금속 농도를 분석하였다. $Zn^{2+}$은 상수리나무 수피로 처리함에 따라 24 hr 동안 10 ppm 이하로 유지되었다. 즉 64%의 흡착율을 보였다. 한편 소나무 수피는 15 hr 동안 20 ppm 정도로 약 53%의 흡착율을 나타내었다. $Mn^{2+}$은 수피에 흡착이 저조하여 10 hr 이내 까지만 20-35%의 흡착율을 나타내었다. 수종 간에 Mn2 + 의 흡착율의 차이는 거의 없었다. 수피를 삼보광산의 폐수에 함유된 중금속 흡착제로 사용할 경우 $Zn^{2+}$에는 효과적이었으나. $Mn^{2+}$의 흡착용으로는 적당하지 않았다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.474-479
• /
• 2009

Pinus koraiensis inner bark was collected and extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were concentrated and then sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, and $H_2O$ to be freeze dried. A portion of EtOAc fraction (6.6 g) was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using aqueous methanol to isolate (+)-catechin (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), and trans-pinostilbenoside (3). Resveratrol (4) and trans-pinostilbene (5) were isolated by column chromatography using EtOH-hexane mixture after purification with aqueous methanol. The structures of these stilbenosides and flavans were characterized by spectroscopic tools using NMR and MS.

• 아시안잔디학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 1998

Environmental concerns arising from synthetic herbicides in plant management systems have led to an interest in plant-derived compounds as natural herbicides. Inhibitory effects of compounds extracted with 50% methanol from corn (Zea mays L.) and pine (Pinus densiflora L.) were evaluated on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), annual bluegrass Poa annua L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The aqueous extracts inhibited seed germination and had postemergence activity on the four species. The stability of biological activity of corn grain, stover, and root extracts was not affected by heating to $135^{\circ}C$ or freezing/thawing treatments when applied at levels above 0.25kg m(sup)-2 based on dry weights of powders before extraction. Heating reduced the activity of pine litter and bark extracts at all levels except the highest application level but had little effect on pine needle extracts.