• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 2015

Researches on the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era have been constantly conducted in the archeology field since the beginning of the 2000s. Most of the related researches in the past have been on the classification and chronological record of dwelling types in archeology, but architectural researches on the dwelling history that is connected from the prehistoric age to the Joseon Dynasty era are insufficient. There are no big differences between the excavated pit dwellings of the Joseon Dynasty era and those of the prehistoric age, so pit dwellings were considered to have been used as dwellings for common people until the Joseon dynasty era. This fact is confirmed by the frequency and density of pit dwellings. In this research, what space composition of the pit dwellings that are equipped with the Korean floor heating system is shown according to the plan types was examined and the development and transition process from pit dwellings to Folk houses were analyzed and their correlations with the Folk houses of the Joseon Dynasty era were examined. The Folk house form did not start with the form of the house on the ground but originate from the introduction of Ondol, the Korean floor heating system, to pit dwellings. As the Korean floor heating system is used, the room and kitchen space are composed in the pit dwelling, and the kitchen is expanded to the one that separates the fireplace for cooking to avoid heating that is unnecessary for the summer season. As the size of the dwelling was getting bigger, the division of the space is made by the pillars that support the interior space. Also, the dwelling is expanded into a single row house and a double row house according to the progress direction of Ondol. In other words, the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era develops with making up diverse floors through the combination and expansion of Ondol and kitchen according to the dweller's convenience and life style and surrounding environment. This research is significant in the sense that it helps understand the formation and development process of our traditional Folk houses and fills the gap between the pit dwellings, which have been dealt with inadequately, and traditional Folk houses in the Korean dwelling history.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.187-194
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• 2010

As the design of the pillar width (PW) of the parallel tunnels in downtown area, in which are located in plains zone with deep alluvium compared with mountain tunnels, is directly related with pre-compensation payment and costs of the underground area, it has to be planned as to keep minimum distance while securing the stability of the parallel tunnels. Although PW of downtown road tunnel in Korea is standardized as 1.5D(D: diameter of the tunnels), PW sometimes has to be reduced within 1.5D to adjust the tunnel lines to the city plan in the cases of the inlet and outlet of the tunnels. In this paper, the design and the analyses of optimum PW of the NATM type road tunnel in the downtown area are introduced. The relationship among the tunnel line planning and underground compensation fee, and ground characteristics are evaluated. In the determination of PW distance, the numerical analyses of underground road tunnels were performed, including the use of the strength decrease method and strength/stress ratio method. In the cases of inlet and outlet part of the tunnels where the stability of the pillars is poor due to contiguous construction of the parallel tunnels, the reinforcement methods are recommended for securing the stability. Numerical verification was performed for the reinforcement proposed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.583-590
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• 2007

The significance of Han medicine (韓醫學), the Korean traditional medicine, that has lasted throughout the past couple millenniums relies upon Han Philosophy distinguished by its uniqueness. In brief, the specificity of Han medicine is characterized by unity of spirit and body, part and whole. According to this theory, when curing a frozen shoulder, it is usually cured by acupuncturing the area around the part that aches, but also doing so on the area that is totally different from the aching part such as the opposite part of the body. In fact, this can be pursued only through aspects that enable one to realize the unity of part and whole, and a ground for this possibility bases upon the crux of Eastern Philosophy, I-ching(역), such as theory of Five Elements (음양오행) and Three Pillars(삼재). In Western set theory, the issues of Class(부류) and elements(요원), whole and part were independently discussed in the area of mereology, and the question of part and whole was encountered with aporia and paradox since Greek ancient philosophy. At the turn of this century, many philosophers endeavored to pursue academic inquiry to resolve this paradox, especially by Russell and Whitehead through ${\ll}$Principia Mathematica${\gg}$ at the beginning of this century. in the process, there came out a phrase 'Russell's Paradox'. Russell himself proposed a typological resolution as an answer to the inquiry. However, 'Russell's Paradox' still remains as an aporia even till present days. During medieval period, this inquiry was even considered as 'insolubia'. Throughout this paper, 1 attempt to provide an analytic aspect on 'Russell's Paradox' from an unique thinking method and perspective of Han medicine that embodies the concept of 'unity of part and whole'. To do so, 1 suggest a physiological model in the first place depicted by diagrams of Circle 원, Quadrangle 방, Triangle 각(CQT) that portray the logic of Hado or Hotu 하도 which is 'the pattern from the river Ho'. That is to suggest that CQT원방각 of Hado can De a logical foundation that explains the notions of spirit (정신,뇌), internal organs(장부), and meridian system which functions as a solution to the question of 'Russell's Paradox'. There are precedent academic works examining the issue from philosophical aspect such as Sangil Kim's ${\ulcorner}$Han medicine과 러셀역설 해의${\lrcorner}$ Han Medicine and Resolution of Russell's Paradox(2005), and this analysis will further attempt to critically examine such works from a perspective of Han medicine.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.103-110
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• 2017

With the common tendency in the accordance with the trend, low-stories built edifices that are Pilotis-oriented structured exponentially and constantly increasing its number of buildings. It inevitably contains its risks of facing conflagrations as most of its part is used as parking lots. In the parking lots, the length of the flame has a heavy-weighted possibility that it would get increased because the heat release rate gets relatively high due to the vehicle insulation. Following on top of that, due to the nature of the Pilotisconsisting of pillars, there is a risk of flame spread to the adjacent building if the same Pilotis-structured buildings are adjacent to each other, if the flame spreads to the surroundings due to the influence of the wind. Because the most of the pilotis-structured-buildings have this entrance that makes the residents be able to enter, if the entrance were plugged the resident get a serious risk of a poisonous gas and a flame. Therefore, if the parking-lots of the pilotis-structured-buildings are adjacent to each other it requires a space to prevent the place from the spread of flame. This research studied how far is appropriate to prevent flame spreading with FDS. As a result, the study found that the distance at least 3.0 m is required.

• Korea Real Estate Review
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2018

When the contractor does not receive payment for his work due to the client's funding default, he can take various legal measures against the client, in addition to refusing to transfer the building under construction to the client. To claim top payment priority and to demand the equal enforcement of the law by applying for compulsory auction or auction by exercising the right of lien, the contractor should know the construction phase or the point in time when he could exercise a lien or apply for a forced auction of the unregistered building. This study was conducted to examine qualification for lien and auction of an unregistered building. First, the general criteria for qualification for lien from qualification for ownership were examined. This means that an unregistered building can be subject to lien from a certain point in time in the construction phase, where the ownership is qualified as an independent real estate with minimal pillars, roofs, and walls. Second, the contents of the narrow and broad auction qualification were analyzed. As the contractor can select the appropriate legal means to reimburse the construction cost for the unregistered building, the results of this study are expected to provide the bases for qualification for lien on and auction of unregistered buildings.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.140-159
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• 2013

The wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple - which was designed and constructed by master craftsman Abigi of the Baekje Dynasty during the Silla Dynasty between the 12th year of Queen Seondeok (AD 643) and AD 646 - can be regarded as a typical Korean wooden stupa. However, it was destroyed by fire during an invasion by the Mongolians in AD 1238 during the Koryo Dynasty. In spite of progress in research for the restoration of the wooden stupa, there are some remains to be re-considered in regard to ruins, relics and literature previously discovered. In particular, research conducted on frame construction and structure can be considered an important basis for restoration. However, previous studies seem to have not attempted to establish structural and formative characteristics of the wooden stupa based on the indigenous techniques and styles of traditional Korea, but general characteristics of the wooden stupa biased toward cultural interchange with neighbouring countries. As such, in this study the frame construction and structure of the wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple were analysed and considered in detail based on the re-interpretation of literature which can be a clue about the structure of the stupa, related ruins of the 7th century period, and previous studies. As a result, this paper supposed and presented a model picture for the plane arrangement of pillars, structural methods for Dwibburi (뒤뿌리) of Haangjae (하앙재), Shimju (심주), and other key areas. The author hopes that this study contributes substantially to research on the wooden stupa of ancient Korea and to the establishment of construction and structural methods.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.212-235
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the location and the spatial composition of Uireung that is located in Seokgwan-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, in order to understand the landscape architectural characteristics. The results are as follows. First, Uireung is 6.4km from Changdeokgung Palace and 5.5km from Heunginjimun Gate. It did not violate the distance standard (40km) for the royal tombs according to Joseon Dynasty Neung-won Myo-je. Second, Uireung is in harmony with the nature and shows the authoritative characteristics of the royal authority through the spatial composition and rank(Entrance Area, Ceremonial Area, Burial Area). Third, there are burial mound, stone sheep, stone tiger, stone table, stone watch pillars in the upper platform, and stone civil official, stone horse, stone lantern in the middle platform, and stone military official, stone horse in the lower platform, and T-shape shrine, worship road in the ceremonial area. There is no pond and a tomb keeper residence, but the position, size, and form can be approximated through historical research materials. There are a colony of pine trees around the burial mound and 64 species of trees such as pine tree, zelcova tree, and fir tree below the burial mound.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.57-69
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the strengths and problems of the current in-service education system, and suggest ways to improve it in the future by looking at the current status of in-service education to strengthen the expertise of teachers and directors of childcare centers. In particular, I would like to search the current status of in-service education, including on-line special job competency education, which is responsible for one of the pillars of in-service education, and present the problems and measures to improve them. Methods: To that end, the present study conducted an analysis of issues based on the previous research on in-service education of childcare teachers' education, and conducted a literature examination focusing on laws, policies, and foreign cases related to in-service education. Results: In-service education for childcare teachers was categorized into educational process diversification and professionalism, educational method diversification, qualification management, and educational support, which were again organized into 14 core tasks. In addition, as a recent phenomenon that has not been discussed in detail in the preceding study, the phenomenon of increased participation in on-line special job competency education at the site of in-service education was analyzed and the problems were presented. Conclusion/Implications: Based on the results of this study, I proposed development measures such as changing the term 'in-service education' and recognizing the diversity of job competency education, the credit rating banking system for job competency education, the provision of on-line job competency education curriculum (basic courses/enhancing courses) for collective education courses, the expansion of education support for promotion to a higher grade courses and the conversion of the mandatory evaluation system for in-service educational institutions.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.68-83
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• 2016

Pan-jang(板墻) has become the lost facility, and the examples of its original form can be found no more due to its variable material characteristics. In order to study panjang as a lost facility, the following are needed: - To bring to light its usage and examples. - To investigate its components and structure. Panjang refers to the wall made of wooden plate and is classified as a special wall according to its material characteristics. In addition, Chinese mokyeongbyuk(木影壁) and Japanese panbyeong(板?) are similar to Korean panjang in terms of the materials, but there are clear differences in their structures. Panjang was also transformed into various types according to their materials or forms. As the wooden elements of panjang, sinbang(信防), pillars, do-ri(道里), jungbang(中枋), inbang(引枋), parn(板), dae(帶), choyeop(草葉), bangyeon(方椽), gaeparn(蓋板), pyeonggodae(平高臺), and yeonharm(椽檻) were selectively used, and they are similar, in particular, to the components of ilgakmoon(一角門). The stylobate of panjang is largely classified into three according to the kinds and structures of the wooden elements; and its frame into two according to whether sanginbang(上引枋) is used or not. The materials for the roof area include planks(蓋板) and tiles and have the distinct structural differences according to each material.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.105-135
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• 2007

Since now, the study of wooden pagodas in ancient Korea have been proceeded to the site plan, the devices and the goods of sarari containers and the reconstruction. They are based on the result of archaeological excavations and the historical material documents. But the study of the foundations of wooden pagodas have been unsatisfactory. In this paper, the investigations of the wooden pagodas in the Three Kingdoms are proceeded. Through this action, we have checked the method of the foundations, the type and installation of Simchoseok(central base stone) and the erection of Simju(central base pillar). In the result of this study, three types were in the method of the foundations-the construction of the upper on the surface of the earth, the construction of the upper and lower on the surface of the earth. And we know the types of the installation of Simchoseok were the underground-type central base stone and the ground-type central base stoned. The factors of the central base pillars were changed with the rising of central base stones from the lower on the surface of the earth to the surface of the foundation. This change was needed to construct the larger wooden pagodas than the ones of the past. In especially, the large wooden pagodas with the ground-type central base stoned were appeared in the king of Baekje, Muwang(A.D. 600~640). We assume that the method of the construction of larger wooden pagodas like that was forwarded to Silla and Japan.