• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.370-375
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• 2003

To obtain the oil sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were extracted for 1, 3, or 6 hr by a shanking water bath(35$^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm), and by soxhlet extractor(80$^{\circ}C$) for 1, 3 or 6 hr, respectively. The highest yield of extracted oil was obtained from the walnut(63.07％ weight) and the whole wheat showed the lowest extraction yield of oil(1.13％ weight). Major fatty acids from the extracted oils were linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid. The maximum contents of total phytosterol in sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were 0.44, 1.57, 2.25, and 2.03(％ weight), respectively. Besides, total tocopherol contents in sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were maxima 3.42, 0.16, 2.92, and 0.07(％ weight), respectively. From the extracted oils, structured lipids(SL) were synthesized by the interesterification reaction with conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) in a shanking water bath at 55$^{\circ}C$. When the reactions(1:3 substrate molar ratio, extracted oil:CLA) were conducted for 24 hr, maxima 23.75 mol％ of CLA incorporation was obtained from walnut oil and, in other cases, 16.28 - 19.15 mol％ of CLA was found in the produced SL triacylglycerol molecules.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.470-478
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• 2009

Low trans fats were synthesized by interesterification of rice bran oil (RBO), palm stearin (PS) and high oleic sunflower seed oil (HO) using TLIM from Thermomyces lanuginosa. After 24-h reaction, physicochemical characteristics such as fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, solid fat content, melting point, tocopherol, oryzanol and phytosterol contents were evaluated. Trans fatty acid contents of the produced low-trans fats showed less than 0.5 wt%. Mostly, triacylglycerol species in the products were palmitoyl-linoleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (PLO), palmitoyl-oleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (POO) and palmitoyl-oleoyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (POP). Total tocopherol contents ranged from 6.94 to 11.83 mg/100 g while $0.18{\sim}0.49$ mg/100 g of $\gamma$-oryzanol and $182.47{\sim}269.08$ mg/100 g of phytosterols were observed depending on the substrates ratios. When the content of PS in the reaction substrate was increased, solid fat content and slip melting points were increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.525-528
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• 2009

In this study, phytosterol content and fatty acid composition of grape seeds from fourteen different cultivars produced in Korea were determined. Although the total phytosterol contents depended upon the cultivars, the major phytosterol was $\beta$-sitosterol (64.9$\sim$119.3 mg/100 g) in all samples. The fatty acid composition of the grape seeds were analyzed as palmitic (16:0, 6.8$\sim$16.8%), palmitoleic (16:1, 0.1$\sim$0.2%), stearic (18:0, 4.7$\sim$5.2%), oleic (18:1, 16.6$\sim$26.1%), linoleic (18:2, 16.6$\sim$20.1%), linolenic acid (18:3, 0.3$\sim$0.5%) and arachidic acid (20:0, 0.3$\sim$0.5%). Campbell early, the mainly produced and consumed cultivar in Korea, contained relatively high phytosterol content compared to other samples and high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the seeds from Campbell early might be used for functional oil production and as food ingredients.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2010

Soybean seeds contain many biologically active secondary metabolites, such as proteins, saponins, isoflavones, phytic acids, trypsin inhibitors and phytosterols. Among them, saponins in soybeans have attracted considerable interest because of their health benefits. Soyasaponin A and B are the most abundant types of saponins found in soybeans along with soyasapogenol (aglycone), which is a precursor of soyasaponin. The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the concentration of soyasapogenol in soybean seeds and sprouts as a function of seed size, usage, seed coat color and seed cotyledon color. The 79 Korean soybean varieties were cultivated at Yesan of Chungnam in 2006 for the analysis of soyasapogenol using HPLC with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection (ELSD). The total average concentration of soyasapogenol was $1313.52{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ in soybean seeds and $1377.22{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ in soybean sprouts. Soybean sprouts were about 5% higher than soybean seeds in average total soyasapogenol concentration. In the process of sprouting, the average soyasapogenol A content decreased by approximately 1.6%, but soyasapogenol B and total soyasapogenol increased by 8.31% and 4.88%, based on the content of soybean seeds. When classified according to the size of seeds, the total soyasapogenol concentration of soybean seeds were not significantly different (p<0.05) On average, small soybean seeds were increased by as much as $103.14{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ in sprouting process. As a function of the use of the seeds, The total soyasapogenol in soybean seeds were significantly different (p<0.05). While, the soybean sprouts were not significant different (p<0.05). Altogether, sprout soybean seeds show the greatest change in content during the germination process. When seeds with different coat colors were compared, the total soyasapogenol concentration of soybean with yellow seed coats ($1357.30\mu g\;g^{1}$) was slightly higher than that of soybean with black ($1260.30{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) or brown ($1263.62{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) seed coats. For the color of the cotyledon, the total soyasapogenol concentration was significantly increased in green cotyledon during the germination and seedling process. The results of this study suggest the functional characteristics of soybeans through quantitative analysis of soyasapogenol. In addition, the concentration of soyasapogenol exhibited a change during the germination process, which was evaluated by the nutritional value of the soybean sprouts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.803-809
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• 2004

Monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG), as the components of enzymatically synthesized functional oil, were produced by glycerolysis of rice bran oil and glycerol using IM60 (immobilized lipase) in a stirredbatch reactor at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. After glycerolysis, the contents of triacylglycerol (TG), DG and MG in the produced functional oil were 41.71%,46.19%, and 11.15%, respectively. The functional oil also contained Phytosterols (2.04$\pm$0.17 mg/g), ${\gamma}$ -oryzanol (1.06$\pm$0.04 mg/g) and $\alpha$ -tocopherol (0.13$\pm$0.04 mg/g). In animal experiment the dietary effects of functional oil on hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activities of the high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF)-fed mice were investigated. In functional oil-fed group, the liver ACAT activity was significantly lowered than in HCHF and corn oil-fed groups (p < 0.05). This results suggested that the synthesized functional oil may have an atheroproteetive effect by inhibiting ACAT activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2023

Background: The genus Panax in the Araliaceae family has been used as traditional medicinal plants worldwide and is known to biosynthesize ginsenosides and phytosterols. However, genetic variation between Panax species has influenced their biosynthetic pathways is not fully understood. Methods: Simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes obtained from adventitious roots of two tetraploid species (Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius) and two diploid species (P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis) revealed the diversity of their metabolites and related gene expression profiles. Results: The transcriptome analysis showed that 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASEs (OSCs) involved in phytosterol biosynthesis are upregulated in the diploid species, while the expression of OSCs contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis is higher in the tetraploid species. In agreement with these results, the contents of dammarenediol-type ginsenosides were higher in the tetraploid species relative to the diploid species. Conclusion: These results suggest that a whole-genome duplication event has influenced the triterpene biosynthesis pathway in tetraploid Panax species during their evolution or ecological adaptation. This study provides a basis for further efforts to explore the genetic variation of the Panax genus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2020

The average growth day of 11 maize varieties from planting to silking in the first cropping (FC) was 89.5 days and in the second cropping (SC) was 46.7 days, which was 43 days faster than in the FC. The average 100-kernel weight (100 KW) in the FC was 28.4 g and 18.3 g in the SC, which was approximately 36.4% lower than that in the FC. The average crude oil content of FC was 3.97% and SC was 3.08%, which was about 0.89% lower than that of FC. The composition of stearic and oleic acid was significantly higher in FC, whereas palmitic and linoleic acid were higher in SC; however, linolenic acid was not statistically different between the two crops. The crude oil content was negatively correlated with linoleic acid (FC -0.264^ns, SC -0.504**) and positively correlated with linolenic acid (0.526**). Unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) composition showed a significant difference between FC (83.48%) and SC (82.96%). Total phytosterol content was 598.3 mg/100 g and 701.9 mg/100 g in FC and SC, respectively, and showed significant difference by planting dates. The β-sitosterol content showed no statistical difference between the planting dates, but campesterol and stigmasterol were significantly higher in SC than in FC. Therefore, it was considered that the temperature condition during the ripening period affects the 100 KW of maize, and this leads to the variation in phytosterol content. However, among phytosterols, β-sitosterol was relatively little affected by the planting dates. USFA composition showed a significantly negative correlation with phytosterol content. Considering the results, the relatively high phytosterol content in SC was mainly because of the delay in progress of starch accumulation as daily air temperature decreased from the middle of the ripening period, whereas progress of phytosterol accumulation in the maize kernel was considered relatively faster than that of starch accumulation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.242-250
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• 2016

Although rice has been cultivated as a major food crop for approximately 5,000 years, the interest of customers in 'scented rice' is a recent trend in the Korean market. As a part of developing a germinated scented rice variety, the newly bred scented rice variety 'Cheonjihyang-1 se' was germinated for 24 h, and changes in profiles of flavor-related volatiles, lipophilic phytonutrients, and fatty acids were investigated. The profiling of volatile compounds by using a headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) revealed a total of 56 odor-active flavoring compounds; 52 at the pre-germination stage, 51 at the post-germination stage, and 47 common at both stages. The major flavoring compounds were nonanol and benzene, which constituted 11.5% and 6.6%, respectively, of the total peak area in pre-germinated rice, and 19.4% and 6.5%, respectively, in post-germinated rice. Germination induced an increase in 13 flavoring compounds, including 3,3,5-trimethylheptane and 1-pentadecene, which increased by 763 and 513%, respectively by germination. However, we observed a germination-induced decrease in most of the other flavoring compounds. Especially, the most important scented rice-specific popcorn-flavoring compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, showed 89% decrease due to germination. Furthermore, the germination of scented rice induced a decrease in the content of various phytonutrients. For example, the total contents of phytosterols, squalene, and tocols decreased from 207.97, 31.74, and $25.32{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ at pre-germination stage down to 136.66, 25.12, and $17.76{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, respectively at post-germination stage. The fatty acid compositions were also affected by germination. The composition of three major fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, increased from 36.6, 34.2, and 24.4%, respectively, at the pre-germination stage to 37.9, 36.9, and 20.7%, respectively, at the post-germination stage. All these results suggested significant changes in the flavor-related compounds and phytonutrients of the scented rice variety 'Cheonjihyang-1 se' during the process of germination, and subsequently the need for developing a more precise process of germination to enhance the flavor and nutritional quality of the germinated scented rice products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.359-369
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• 2020

Although many studies on immune modulatory materials have used RAW 264.7 cells, few have used T cell-derived TK-1 cell lines. Moreover, although some studies have investigated the efficacy of plant-derived β-sitosterol, few have examined the immunomodulatory activity of its analogue, daucosterol. In this study, β-sitosterol and daucosterol were isolated from D. batatas and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To evaluate the immune-enhancing or inhibitory effects of the isolated phytosterols, the expression levels of the inflammatory response genes COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS were analyzed by RT-PCR. The relative expression levels of TNF-α and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells were increased more than threefold with β-sitosterol treatment comparing to those of untreated control. In the case of TK-1 cells, the expression level of TNF-α was decreased and the expression level of iNOS was increased in a β-sitosterol concentration-dependent manner. The expression levels of COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 increased by approximately 0.7-1.2 times in RAW 264.7 cells treated with daucosterol compared to those of untreated control, but iNOS expression decreased by 0.8-0.18 times. In the case of daucosterol-treated TK-1 cells, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS were markedly reduced from those of TK-1 cells treated only with lipopolysaccaride. As a conclusion, β-sitosterol treatment increased TNF-α and iNOS expression levels in RAW 264.7 cells, thus exerting an immune- boosting effect. However, in TK-1 cells, iNOS expression increased while TNF-α expression decreased, indicating an immunosuppressive activity of β-sitosterol. Daucosterol appears to exert an immunosuppressive effect in both macrophages and T cell lines by inhibiting iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 cells and greatly inhibiting the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS in TK-1 cells.