• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This paper aims to present a model of obesity and leanness based on eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine. I analyzed the theory of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism, yang transforming ki and eum forming the body on Korean medicine, and compared them with energy homeostasis by anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine. In the eum and yang theory, the metabolic process of the human body is dominated by synergism and antagonism between eum force and yang force. When the balance of eum and yang collapses, all the pathological actions of the human body appear, and in the eum and yang metabolic process, an imbalance between yang transforming ki and eum forming the body occurs. The function of yang transforming ki is reduced to ki deficiency, and the function of eum forming the body is increased to blood excess. When blood excess and ki deficiency is given, energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, overweight and obesity occur. On the contrary, the function of yang transforming ki is increased to ki excess, and the function of eum forming the body is decreased to blood deficiency. When ki excess and blood deficiency is done, energy intake decreases and energy expenditure increases, the body becomes leanness. When the balance of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism collapses and becomes blood excess and ki deficiency, overweight and obesity occur, and when ki excess and blood deficiency is done, the body becomes leanness. The energy homeostasis of the human body can be explained by eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine and it contains the concept of anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone or neuropeptide, is secreted in response to intraluminal nutrients by enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine and has important physiological actions related to appetite regulation and satiety. The stimulation on CCK secretion from the intestine is of potential relevance for body weight management. Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) and its glycoside naringin (naringenin 7-rhamnoglucoside) have been reported to have many biological functions. In the current study, we investigated the question of whether naringenin and naringin could stimulate CCK secretion and then examined the mechanisms involved in CCK release. MATERIALS/METHODS: STC-1 cells were used as a model of enteroendocrine cells. CCK release and changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) were measured after incubation of cells with naringenin and naringin for 1 h. RESULTS: Naringenin caused significant (P < 0.05) stimulation of CCK secretion, but naringin did not. In addition, regarding the secretory mechanisms, naringenin-induced CCK secretion involved increases in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, at least in part, and activation of TRP channels, including TRPA1. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that naringenin could have a role in appetite regulation and satiety.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1632-1646
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary betaine (BT) supplementation on the hepatic transcriptome profiles in broiler chickens raised under heat stress (HS) conditions. Methods: A total of 180 (21-d-old) Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to 1 of 3 treatment groups with 6 replicated cages in a completely randomized design. One group was kept under thermoneutral conditions at all times and was fed a basal diet (PC). Other 2 groups were exposed to a cyclic heat stress condition. One of the 2 groups under heat stress conditions was fed the basal diet as a negative control (NC), whereas the other group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2% BT. All chickens were provided with diets and water ad libitum for 21 d. Following the experiment, the liver samples were collected for RNA sequencing analysis. Results: Broiler chickens in NC and BT group had decreased (p<0.05) growth performance. In the transcriptome analysis, the number of differentially expressed genes were identified in the liver by HS conditions and dietary BT supplementation. In the comparison between NC and PC treatments, genes related to energy and nucleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and immune system were altered by HS, which support the reason why heat-stressed poultry had decreased growth performance. In the comparison between NC and BT treatments, genes related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and immune system were differently expressed under HS conditions. Conclusion: HS negatively impacts various physiological processes, including DNA replication, metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, and cell cycle progression in broiler chickens. Dietary BT supplementation, however, offers potential counteractive effects by modulating liver function, facilitating gluconeogenesis, and enhancing immune systems. These findings provide a basis for understanding molecular responses by HS and the possible benefits of dietary BT supplementation in broiler chickens exposed to HS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.434-441
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• 1995

The model rats with postmenopausal osteoporosis were comparatively observed with regard to the effects of bovine ash and calcium phosphate on calcium metabolism. The modelling design involved the five week-old week-old female SD-strain rats ovariectomized and fed a low-Ca diet(20% casein, 0.06% Ca and 0.38% P) for three weeks. The rats were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were fed four kinds of Ca-supplemental diets(20% protein, 1.06% Ca and 0.8% P) for three weeks. The Ca-suplements diets contained two kinds of Ca sources, bovine bone ash(BBA) or calcium phosphate, tribasic [Ca3(PO4)2] and two kinds of protein sources, casein or isolated soy protein(ISP). The model rats of postmenopausal osteoporosis fed basal diet showed a significant decrease in Ca utilization in reference to serum Ca concentration, breaking force of bone, Ca and P contents of bone, and Ca absorption and retention. However, the supply of Ca for three weeks demonstrated the improved utilization of Ca. One step further, BBA was more effective than calcium phosphate in improving Ca utilization in ISP-fed groups. On the other hand, no significant difference was seen in casein-fed groups. It is to conclude that BBA could be more effective in accelerating Ca utilization under vulnerable dietary or physiological conditions such as vegetable protein intake and osteoprosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.789-796
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• 1997

The effects of MCC and palm oil at different levels on lipid metabolism were assessed in adolescent rat. Dietary fat levels were 20% and 40% (kcal/kcal) and MCC level were 0%, 2%, and 4% (wt/wt). The experimental period took 8 weeks. During the experiment, weight gain and food efficiency ration were not affected by dietary factors. The weight of thymus however, was lower in high fat groups than in middle fat groups. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol in plasma and HDL-cholesterol in plasma and HDL-cholesterol were significantly affected by dietary factors. The concentrations of cholesterol in LDL and VLDL , and the triglyceride content of VLDL was higher in high fat groups than in middle fat groups. Adding MCC lowered the LDL triglyceride in the high fat groups. The analysis of plasma fatty acids generally reflected the composition of the dietary palm oil. MCC had significant effects on total lipid and triglyceride of feces, but not on total cholesterol . In conclusion, the level of MCC had little hypolipodemic effects on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet. the middle fat group that contained 4% MCC showed increased contents of fecal triglyceride than the others, indicating that MCC had an effect on lipid absorption. Therefore, the other physiological functions of MCC need to be tested for their useful applications.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.609-622
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• 2019

Sound vibration (SV) treatment can trigger various molecular and physiological changes in plants. Previously, we showed that pre-exposure of Arabidopsis plants to SV boosts its defense response against Botrytis cinerea fungus. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes in the proteome states in the SV-treated Arabidopsis during disease progression. Proteomics analysis identified several upregulated proteins in the SV-infected plants (i.e., SV-treated plants carrying Botrytis infection). These upregulated proteins are involved in a plethora of biological functions, e.g., primary metabolism (i.e., glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, ATP synthesis, cysteine metabolism, and photosynthesis), redox homeostasis, and defense response. Additionally, our enzyme assays confirmed the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes in the SV-infected plants compared to control plants. Broadly, our results suggest that SV pre-treatment evokes a more efficient defense response in the SV-infected plants by modulating the primary metabolism and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2003

The present study was investigated the effects of chlorine dioxide ($CIO_2$) on the rcspimtory metabolism of olive flounder (Parolichlhys olivaceus) imtermittently exposed to seawater chlorinated by $CIO_2$:. Oxygen consumption of flounder before and after once or twice $CIO_2$-treatment with 12 hr- or/and 24 hr-interval were serially measured with automatic intenniteent-flow respirometer system (AIRS). The oxygen consumption rates of flowKier exposed to 0.10 and 0.20 ppm$CIO_2$, were not different from the control fish prior to the once or twice chlorinations . On the other hand, the respiratory metabolic rates of flounder exposed to 0.30 ppm$CIO_2$ were significantly increased 15% and 22 - 23% after the once and twice chlorinations compared to the control fish. respectively. The flounder exposed In 0.40 and 0.50 ppm$CIO_2$: died within 4 hr and I hr. respectively. The elevation( respiratory metabolism in flounder exposed toO.30 ppm$CIO_2$ and above is considered due to physiological stress caused by $CIO_2$ exposure.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2024

Cadmium (Cd) is non-essential heavy metal that negatively affects plant metabolism. Nitric oxide (NO) is an increasingly important molecule for plant metabolism that makes signaling. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the alleviating effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application as NO donor in white poplar (Populus alba) under Cd stress conditions. SNP and without SNP treatments increased the Cd accumulation in root tissue. While photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, and carotenoid) content decreased by only Cd application, SNP+Cd application decreased the rate of photosynthetic pigments reduction. When the results of Cd and Cd+SNP applications were evaluated for mineral (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) uptake, it was found that the positive effect of SNP was heterogeneously affected. Depending on SNP application, it was found that malondialdehyde (MDA) amount decreased in leaf in 100 µM Cd applications while hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) amount decreased in 100 and 500 µM Cd applications. When antioxidant enzyme activities were examined, it was found that catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities increased with 100 µM SNP applications under all Cd applications. As a result, it was found that SNP application under Cd stress generally supports physiological processes positively in white poplar, suggesting that NO molecule plays important alleviating roles in plant metabolism.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.2 s.19
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• pp.59-72
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find the spatial factors, strucure of living and activity in traditional Korean house through the Phiysiological view, Spatial factors of the house are concerned to the interior environment and sanitary condition, The elements of respiratory, nerve, temperature sence. vision, hearing, smelling have good condition and touch, pressure sence, pain, metabolism are poor in the house, Ventilation, Lighting, pleasant condition of interior environment are concerned to the elements that mentioned above and have most important meaning in the relation rate of space as 1st factor. And 2nd factor is for metabolism, housework and rest, 3rd factor ie for temperature sence, privacy and reproduction. The relation rate of factors concering interior environment are high in the upper class house. Anbang has important meaning in the relation of living structure and relation sequence of space is anbang, Konnonbang, kitchen, toilet, water place, auxiliary buildings. The relation rate of activity is high in interior space in winter and exterior space in summer.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.257-261
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• 2002

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of water extracts of Chukchunwhan on the urine metabolism in rat. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. Treatment with Chukchunwhan-extracts increased excreted-urine volume of rat at the first week, however markedly decreased the excreted-urine volume at 2nd week. 2. Chukchunwhan-extracts inhibited the high level of excreted-urinary protein from rat for two weeks. 3. Chukchunwhan-extracts did not affect on the excreted-urine components of rat except for urinary protein. The results suggest that water-extracts of Chukchunwhan can be applicable to the abnormal volume of urine without medical poisoning, which have been used in the all sort of urinary diseases.