• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2023

In this study, minoxidil, which is well known as a pharmaceutical raw material, and diaminopyrimidine oxide (DAO), which is a cosmetic raw material, were used as active ingredients to evaluate the physical properties of niosomes and compare the skin penetrations of artificial skin. To prepare niosomes of the size of nanoparticles, a high pressure homogenization method was used, and physical properties were evaluated with a zetasizer. The particle size of the noisome including the active ingredient was measured to be 99 to 123 nm according to HLB, and the zeta potential was measured in the range of -60 to -81 mV. Through DSC (differential scanning colorimetry), it was confirmed that minoxidil, a crystalline component, was uniformly dissolved in an amorphous state in niosomes. In order to confirm and compare skin penetration, it was measured by the in vitro Franz diffusion cell method, and the niosome formulation showed 3.4 times higher penetration for minoxidil and 11.1 times higher penetration for DAO than the control gel formulation. In addition, when comparing the skin penetration of minoxidil niosome and DAO niosome, a similar trend was shown, and the penetration amount of DAO was relatively high. The shapes of the niosome formulations with different HLB values were observed using Cryo-TEM, and it was confirmed that vesicles were formed in all of them and that they were intermediate between SUV (small unilamella vesicle) and LUV (large unilamella vesicle). Through this study, minoxidil, an effective drug for hair loss, and DAO, a cosmetic raw material, can be effectively delivered to the skin by encapsulating them in a noisome formulation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.3 s.28
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• pp.137-145
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• 1976

Orchids have been propagated vegetatively for a long time without adequate control measures against virus diseases in Korea. As a result, it is presumed that most of the orchid varieties in Korea may have been degenerated. Nevertheless there has been little work on the virus diseases of orchids in Korea. Therefore studies were initiated to isolate an4 characterize the orchid viruses occurring in Korea. The results obtained are summerized as follows. 1. Symptoms of virus diseases on orchid varieties can be grouped 1) mosaic, 2) necrotic streak with mosaic, 3) ring necrosis, 4) chlorotkc ring and 5) necrotic spot. 2. A total of 102 orchid plants representing 4 genera were investigated on the occurrence of Cymbidium mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus by serological agar-gel double diffusion test. The test revealed that approximately $45\%$ of the orchids were infected with Cymbidium mosaic virus. None of the plants were found to be infected with tobacco mosaic virus. 3. Local lesions appeared on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor Cassia occidentalis and Datura stramonium 7-12 days after mechanical inoculation with Cymbidium mosaic virus. 4. Physical properties of the Cymbidium mosaic virus determined by inoculation on Chenopodium amaranticolor were as follows: Thermal inactivation Point; $75-80^{\circ}C$, dilution end Point; $10^{-5}-10^{-6}\%$ aging in vitro; 8 days. 5. Three different buffers at pH 7.0 and pH 9.0 were compared for the efficiency of agar-gel double diffusion test with Cymbidium mosaic virus. Phosphate, imidazol and tris buffer at pH 7.0 gave equally satisfactory results. 6. Electron microscopic examination of the Cymbidium mosaic virus revealed rod shaped particles measuring 460-580mu.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2018

In this study, gelatin binding ability was increased by adding cross linking agent to improve adhesive characteristic of animal glue. Animal glue added genipin measured gel strength and viscosity, the structural analysis, the color retention degree, elution degree, and rupture strength. And the water resistance and ultraviolet light resistance with the addition of genipin were compared. As a result of the study, the gel strength and viscosity increased with the amount of genipin. As a result of the structural analysis, in gelatin, the absorption peak of the triple structure of collagen structurally stabilized was observed. As a result of the color retention degree, the film was observed because of the lowered brightness. The amount of elution glue was increased with addition of genipin at $50^{\circ}C$ distilled water condition and rupture strength has increased with the amount of genipin. In the water resistance and light fastness, there was no appearance before and after deterioration due to the addition of genipin. Based on the results of this study, it confirmed the adhesive characteristics of animal glue added genipin and examined the experimental method applicable for animal glue. After the addition of genipin, flexibility, re-solving, adhesive force, and curing speed, which are unique characteristics of glue, can be improved without disappearing, so it is expected that it will be applicable to production of animal glue and conservation of cultural heritage when homogeneous glue is secured.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.698-706
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• 2019

Over the last few decades, there have been a lot of efforts to develop soft actuators, which can be external stimuli-responsive and applied to the human body. In order to fabricate medical soft actuators with a dynamic precision control, the 3D crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were synthesized in this study by using a radiation technique without noxious chemical additives or initiators. After irradiation, all hydrogels showed high gel fraction over 75% and the ATR-FTIR spectra indicated that PAAc/PVA/PEG hydrogels were successfully synthesized. In addition, the gel fraction, equilibrium water content, and compressive strength were measured to determine the change in physical properties of PAAc/PVA/PEG hydrogels according to the irradiation dose and content ratio of constituents. As the irradiation dose and amount of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) increased, the PAAc/PVA/PEG hydrogels showed a high crosslinking density and mechanical strength. It was also confirmed that PAAc/PVA/PEG hydrogels responded to electrical stimulation even at a low voltage of 3 V. The bending behavior of hydrogels under an electric field can be controlled by changing the crosslinking density, ionic group content, applied voltage, and ionic strength of swelling solution.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 1996

In order to effectively utilize marine animal skin wastes in marine processing manufacture, conger eel skin, file fish skin and arrow squid skin as raw material of edible gelatin were screened. Conger eel skin was the highest in the collagen content, followed by Ole fish skin and arrow squid skin, in the order named. In the fish skins, the soluble and insoluble collagens occupied $67.4%{\sim}72.3%\;and\;27.7{\sim}32.6%$, respectively, and in the arrow squid skin, 30.4ft and 69.6ft, respectively. No difference in the amino acid composition between soluble and insoluble collagens was detected. Collagen from the marine animal skin catched in coasted and offshore water in Korea consisted ${\alpha}$ chain and ${\beta}$ chain, and ${\alpha}$ chain were hetero type. The sum of proline and hydroxyproline contents in conger eel skin collagen was higher than that in the other skin collagens, while was lower than that pork skin collagen. Conger eel skin collagen exhibited a higher denaturation temperature in solution and a higher degree of proline hydroxylation, compared with skin collagen of the respective species. The physical properties such as gel strength, melting point and gelling point of conger eel skin gelatin were superior to those of file fish skin and arrow squid skin gelatins.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching agent on the changes in physical and chemical characteristics of tooth. The bleached teeth showed an apparent color changes. The whiteness increased linearly within the tested period as the period of bleaching increased. The microhardness between bleached groups after bleaching showed any statistically significant difference according to the paried t-test. The bleached enamel surface showed any apparent morphological changes compared to the enamel which was stored in distilled water only. The difference of the total mineral contents for the distilled water and hydrogen peroxide did not show statistical significance. These results demonstrated that bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide were adversely affects application time of experimental group and may confirm the safety of using these agents for a short time in dentist-monitored bleaching.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 1992

The elution behavior of polystyrenes(PS), polymethylmethacrylates (PMMA), polybutadienes(PB), PS-PMMA(SM) block copolymers and PS-PB star shaped copolymers on the cross-linked polystyrene gels was studied. An interpretation was proposed for the plots of log hydrodynamic volume versus retention volume of solutes in the mobile phases such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene, chloroform, methylene chloride and tetrahydrofuran-cyclohexane mixture. In order to predict the retention of solutes from their physical properties, multiple stepwise regression analysis was applied to obtain the correlation. The distribution coefficients($K_p$) of solute-gel interactions in GPC for homopolymers and PS copolymers were also obtained in terms of network-limited separation mechanism. In the cases of PS and PB, $K_p$ values approach unity, while $K_p$ values for PMMA decrease as MW increase in the good solvent, but in poor solvent, $K_p$ values increase as MW increase. $K_p$ values of PS copolymers are dependent on their MW and composition, therefore, morohology of SM block copolymer is predicted to be random phase. A single universal plot of log[η]M vs. $(V_r-V_o)/K_p$

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2019

In this study, synthetic methods and physical properties for a new class of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) were investigated for energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPE). Four kinds of GAP copolymer polyols were synthesized by introducing nucleophiles such as azide, alkoxide and alkyl amine into poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH). The GAP copolymer synthetic reaction can be evaluated as an environmental benign and efficient synthetic method due to the simultaneous one-step reaction using two kinds of nucleophiles and the complete consumption of sodium azide. The relative stoichiometric substitution ratio analysis and the progress of reaction were checked and monitored by inverse gated decoupled $^{13}C$ NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature and molecular weight were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The synthesized poly($GA_{0.8}-butoxide_{0.2}$), poly($GA_{0.7}-n-butylamine_{0.3}$), poly($GA_{0.7}-dipropylamine_{0.3}$) and poly($GA_{0.7}-morpholine_{0.3}$) had a glass transition temperature ranged from -39 to $-26^{\circ}C$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 2004

The methanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Aceriphyllum rossii (Saxifragaceae) was fractionated into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-BuOH and $H_2O$ layers through solvent fractionation. Repeated silica gel column chromatography of EtOAc and n-BuOH layers afforded six flavonol glycosides. They were identified as kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin, 1), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin, 2), kaempferol 3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O$\alpha$-L-rharnnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-qlucopyrano-side (rutin, 4), kaempferol 3-O-[$\alpha$-L-rharnnopyranosyl $(1{\to}4)-\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-glucopyranoside] (5) and quercetin 3-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}4)\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)\beta$-D-glucopyranoside] (6) on the basis of several spectral data. The antioxidant activity of the six compounds was investigated using two free radicals such as the ABTS free radical and superoxide anion radical. Compound 1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the ABTS $\{2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)\}$ radical scavenging method. 100 mg/L of compound 1 was equivalent to $72.1\pm1.4\;mg/L$ of vitamin C, and those of compounds 3 and 5 were equivalent to $62.7\pm0.5\;mg/L$ and $54.3\pm1.3\;mg/L$ of vitamin C, respectively. And in the superoxide anion radical scavenging method, compound 5 exhibited the highest activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $17.6{\pm}0.3{\mu}M$. In addition, some physical and spectral data of the flavonoids were confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.316-320
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• 2012

$Co_3O_4$, $Al_2O_3$ and $Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$ mesoporous powders were prepared by a sol-gel method with starting matierals of aluminum isopropoxide and cobalt (II) nitrate. A P123 template is employed as an active organic additive for improving the specific surface area of the mixed oxide by forming surfactant micelles. A transition metal cobalt oxide supported on alumina with and without P123 was tested to find the most active and selective conditions as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of styrene epoxidation. A bBlock copolymer-P123 template was added to the staring materials to control physical and chemical properties. The properties of $Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$ powder with and without P123 were characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), a Bruner-Emmertt-Teller (BET) surface analyzer, and $^{27}Al$ MAS NMR spectroscopy. Powders with and without P123 were compared in catalytic tests. The catalytic activity and selectivity were monitored by GC/MS, $^1H$, and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. The performance for the reaction of epoxidation of styrene was observed to be in the following order: [$Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$ with P123-1173 K > $Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$ with P123-973 K > $Co_3O_4$-973 K>$Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$-973 K > $Co_3O_4$/$Al_2O_3$ with P123-1473 K > $Al_2O_3$-973 K]. The existence of ${\gamma}$-alumina and the nature of the surface morphology are related to catalytic activity.