• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.381-384
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• 2016

Purpose: Previous studies reported changes in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint angle in relation with and without weight bearing, but it is unclear whether sesamoid bone of the great toe changes in weight bearing conditions particularly in subjects with hallux valgus (HV). To investigate how weight bearing conditions can affect the position of the medial sesamoid bone (MSB), first MTP joint angle, and second intermetatarsal angle (IMA) in the recruited subjects. Methods: Subjects were recruited 24 with HV and 21 without HV in study. X-rays were taken in the weight bearing and non-weight bearing conditions. The distance of the MSB, first MTP joint angle, and second IMA were measured from the radiographs. Data were analyzed by paired and Independent t-test. The statistical significance level was p<0.05. Results: In both groups, the first MTP joint angles and the distance of the MSB were significantly smaller, while the second IMA was significantly greater in the weight bearing condition. The difference in the distance of the MSB between the two postures was significantly greater in the group with HV. Conclusion: Weight bearing can affect the first MTP joint angle, second IMA, and position of the MSB; the change in the position of the MSB in weight bearing was greater in the group with hallux valgus. The difference in these variables between weight bearing and non-weight bearing conditions may be considered when measuring HV.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare with different distance across three conditions in stroke survivors with the grading of cognitive state. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twelve stroke patients who agreed to active participation were included. Participants were allotted to normal cognitive (CN) group (n=7) and cognitive impairment (CI) group (n=5) and then walked on a self-paced walkway at three conditions on the Time Up and Go (TUG) test and the 6 minute walk test (6MWT): 1) walking with your comfortable speed, 2) walking while carrying a tray with glasses, 3) walking with a verbal cognitive task. The TUG test was repeated three successful times on each condition. For the 6MWT, participants were tested one time. Results: The CI group walked slower than the CN group at the three conditions on the TUG test. However, there was no significant difference between two groups to each condition. A significant effect of dual tasking was found only in error of verbal cognitive task condition for the TUG test (p<0.05). On the 6MWT, the participants in the CI group walked short distance rather than the CN group (p<0.05). There were significant differences between two groups not only at all conditions but also at error of verbal cognitive task condition as well (p<0.05). Conclusions: To consider the results of different distances such as the TUG test and the 6MWT, we think that exercises in long distance would be more effective to patients with CI. Those would be improved patient's endurance in cognitive problem.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.23-28
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• 2021

The article discusses the features of adaptation of the parameters of the physical layer of data transmission in self-organizing networks based on unmanned aerial vehicles operating in the conditions of "smart cities". The concept of cities of this type is defined, the historical path of formation, the current state and prospects for further development in the aspect of transition to "smart cities" of the third generation are shown. Cities of this type are aimed at providing more comfortable and safe living conditions for citizens and autonomous automated work of all components of the urban economy. The perspective of the development of urban mobile automated technical means of infocommunications is shown, one of the leading directions of which is the creation and active use of wireless self-organizing networks based on unmanned aerial vehicles. The advantages of using small-sized unmanned aerial vehicles for organizing networks of this type are considered, as well as the range of tasks to be solved in the conditions of modern "smart cities". It is shown that for the transition to self-organizing networks in the conditions of "smart cities" of the third generation, it is necessary to ensure the adaptation of various levels of OSI network models to dynamically changing operating conditions, which is especially important for the physical layer. To maintain an acceptable level of the value of the bit error probability when transmitting command and telemetry data, it is proposed to adaptively change the coding rate depending on the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver input (or on the number of channel decoder errors), and when transmitting payload data, it is also proposed to adaptively change the coding rate together with the choice of modulation methods that differ in energy and spectral efficiency. As options for the practical implementation of these solutions, it is proposed to use an approach based on the principles of neuro-fuzzy control, for which examples of determining the boundaries of theoretically achievable efficiency are given.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.478-487
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the effect of wearable complex muscle support system on energy efficiency during walking in elderly. Design: Cross sectional study Methods: Twenty healthy elderly participated in this study. All subjects performed a 6 minuteswalk test(6MWT) and stair climbing test in dual, slack and no suit conditions. In each condition, oxygen consumption(VO₂), metabolic equivalents(METs), energy expenditure measures(EEm), physiological cost index(PCI), walking velocity and heartrate were measured. Through repeated measured ANOVA, it was investigated whether there was a statistically significant difference in the measurement results between the three conditions. Results: In over-ground walking, VO₂, METs and EEm showed significant differences between no suit and slack conditions(p<0.05). In stair climbing, VO₂ showed significant difference between slack and dual conditions(p<0.05). Also, METs and EEm showed significant differences between no suit and slack, and between slack and dual conditions(p<0.05). Conclusions: Wearing the wearable complex muscle support system for elderly does not have much benefit in energy metabolism efficiency in over-ground, but there is a benefit in stair walking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.425-432
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate that the differences in sternocleidomastoid muscle activity, neck rotation angle, neck lateral bending angle and neck lateral bending onset time between conditions with and without visual biofeedback during neck rotation. METHODS: Ten male and four female adults with condition of forward head posture were recruited in this study. Subjects conducted to left and right maximal neck rotation under the conditions with and without visual biofeedback. During neck rotation, kinematic data of neck rotation, neck lateral bending movement, and electromyography activities of bilateral sternocleidomastold muscles were collected. Differences in dependent variables between conditions with and without visual biofeedback were analyzed using paired t-test. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in lateral bending angle, while lateral bending movement onset time was delayed significantly when applying visual biofeedback (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in the activation of left and right sternocleidomastoid muscles and neck rotation angle between conditions with and without visual biofeedback (p>.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual biofeedback may be effective for axial rotation of cervical spine during neck rotation in adults with forward head posture.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.172-183
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• 2009

For the effects of the nonlinear temperature profiles and reduced-gravity conditions we conduct a two-dimensional numerical modeling and simulations on the physical vapor transport processes of $Hg_2Cl_2-Xe$ system in the horizontal orientation position. Our results reveal that: (1) A decrease in aspect ratio from 5 to 2 leads to an increasingly nonuniform interfacial distribution and enhances the growth rate by one-order magnitude for normal gravity and linear wall temperature conditions. (2) Increasing the molecular weight of component B, Xenon results in a reduction in the effect of solutal convection. (3) The effect of aspect ratio affects the interfacial growth rates significantly under normal gravity condition rather than under reduced gravitational environments. (4) The transition from the convection-dominated regime to the diffusion-dominated regime ranges arises near at 0.1g$_0$ for operation conditions under consideration in this study.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.26-34
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the trunk and lower extremity muscle activity induced by six different conditions floor, intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 of whole body vibration (WBV), and Swiss ball during bridging exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure trunk and lower extremity muscles activity. Ten elderly women were recruited from Hong-sung Senior Citizen Welfare Center. The collected EMG data were normalized using reference contraction (during floor bridging) and expressed as a percentage of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). To analyze the differences in EMG data, the repeated one-way analysis of variance was used. A Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. The study showed that EMG activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles were not significantly different between six different conditions of during bridging exercise (p>.05). However, there were significantly increased EMG activity of the rectus femoris (p=.034) in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, and 5 conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. EMG activity of the medial gastrocnemius were significantly increased in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 and Swiss ball conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. Future studies are required the dynamic instability condition such as one leg lifting in bridging.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to identify the effects of shoulder abduction strength and EMG activities of the selected scapular and shoulder muscles during isometric shoulder abduction. METHODS: Thirty-four healthy young females were recruited for this study. Surface EMG equipment with inline force sensor was used to determine the shoulder abductor strength and the activity of the serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and middle deltoid (MD) during three shoe heel height conditions: (1) barefoot, (2) 3-cm shoe heel height, and (3) 7-cm shoe heel height. RESULTS: Isometric shoulder strength showed statistically significant difference among the conditions (p<0.05), and post-hoc test showed lower strength during the 7-cm condition ($49.98{\pm}17.56kg$) than during the barefoot ($44.97{\pm}20.15kg$) and 3-cm conditions ($36.59{\pm}17.07kg$). Furthermore, EMG activities of the SA, UT, and MD appeared to be statistically significantly different among the conditions, with lower values in the 7-cm condition compared to the barefoot condition (p<0.05). EMG ratios (MD/UT and SA/UT) were lower during the 7-cm condition than during the barefoot condition (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that isometric shoulder abduction strength and EMG activities of scapular and shoulder muscles may be adversely changed with increasing shoe heel height.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1992-1998
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• 2020

Background: The foot drop stimulator is designed to improve the walking ability of foot drop in patients after stroke, however, studies on clinical effects are still lacking. Objective: To investigate the effect of a foot drop stimulator on the walking and balancing abilities of foot drop patients after a stroke. Design: One-Group (Pretest-Posttest) Design. Methods: All subjects walked in all three conditions: foot drop stimulator (FDS) ankle foot orthosis (AFO) and barefoot. Primary outcome measures were assessed for walking and balance using a 10-m walking test (10MWT) and a timed up and go test (TUG). Secondary outcome measures consisted of a brief user interview, and the patients recorded the advantages and disadvantages of each condition. Results: FDS, AFO, and barefoot conditions showed a statistically significant difference in 10MWT and TUG (P<.001) as a result of comparing three conditions. FDS and AFO were significantly different from the barefoot condition as post-hoc results; however, there was no significant difference between the two conditions (P>.05). Conclusion: In this study, the foot drop stimulator contributed to improving the balance ability, and the walking ability was similar to the effect of the ankle-foot orthosis.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2019

Physical conditions play vital role on the mechanical properties of frozen soil, especially for the temperature and moisture content of frozen soil. Subsequently, they influence the subsidence and stress law of permafrost layer. Taking Jiangcang No. 1 Coal Mine as engineering background, combined with laboratory experiment, field measurements and empirical formula to obtain the mechanical parameters of frozen soil, the thick plate mechanical model of permafrost was established to evaluate the safety of permafrost roof. At the same time, $FLAC^{3D}$ was used to study the influence of temperature and moisture content on the deformation and stress law of frozen soil layer. The results show that the failure tensile stress of frozen soil is larger than the maximum tensile stress of permafrost roof occurring in the process of mining. It indicates that the permafrost roof cannot collapse under the conditions of moisture content in the range from 20% to 27% as well as temperature in the range from $-35^{\circ}C$ to $-15^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the maximum subsidence of the upper and lower boundary of the overlying permafrost layer decreases with the increase of moisture content in the range of 15% to 27% or the decrease of temperature in the range of $-35^{\circ}C$ to $-15^{\circ}C$ if the temperature or moisture content keeps consistent with $-25^{\circ}C$ or 20%, respectively.