• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 1991

- A phthalic acid derivative and basic macrolide antibiotics, with antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi, respectively, were found to be produced by a strain 88-GT-161 identified as being a variety of Streptomyces melanosporofaciens. This paper describes an isolation procedure of the active compounds produced by this strain, their in vitro and in vivo (pot test) antimicrobial activites, and structure determination of one of the compounds, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a phthalic acid derivative antibiotic. This compounds, upon cornparision with authentic bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, revealed a difference in antimicrobial activity even though physico-chemical properties of these two compounds seemed indentical. This is the first report that dioctyl phthalate is biosynthetically produced by a Streptomyces sp. and shows antimicrobial activity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2001

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers to impart softness and flexibility to normally rigid polyvinylchloride products. However, there are not much studies jar dermal and ocular irritation toxicity of phthalates. So we investigated the skin or eye irritation effect of some phthalates which was not reported. The primary skin irritation of diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP) and dipropyl phthalate (DPrP) was studied. The ocular irritation of dibutyl phthalate(DBP), DIDP, DINP, DPP and DPrP was also studied. DEP, DIDP, DINP, DPP, and DPrP were found to be non-irritating to the skin of the test animals. DBP, DIDP, DINP and DPP were found to be non-irritating to the eye of the rabbits. DPrP caused the slight irritations to the eye in 1 or 2 days after treatment but irritation of the animals was soon recovered.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.67-73
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• 1989

Recently pathotoxicological study of lymphoid organs by administration of some phthalate ester in rats, indicated marked effect of architechure of thymus, spleen, and lymphonodes. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP), one of the phthalate ester, caused statistically significant reduction in the weights of various lymphoid organs. This senstivity of the lymphoid organ to phthalate toxicity which could lead to adverse effects on the immune response and also suppression of immune system. Therfore it is possible the presense of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the phthalate ester as well as DOP, in spleen and other organs might have some moderately effect on the function of the immune system, So our present study was proceeded to assess the effect of DEHP on the immunotoxicity in mouse. In the immune response of DEHP administered mice, HA, HY, Arthus reaction and Rosette forming cell were decreased but DTH was increased. Furthermore, in the DEHP plus ethanol group, HA, HY, Arthus reaction and Rosette forming cell were remarkably decreased and elevation of DTH was inhibited.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2004

A procedure based on solid phase microextraction extraction(SPME)-GC/MS has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of plasticizers. The plasticizers investigated in this study are dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate(BBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate(DnOP). The limit of detection(LOD) was 0.163~0.299 with relative standard deciation(RSD) of 5.85~15.80% for these compounds. At water reserviors of Han, Geum, Nakdong and Sumjin rivers, only DBPand DEHP were detected at trace level, 0.192~1.270 ng/ml for DBP and 0.077~1.102 ng/ml for DEHP depending on the river.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.53.1-53.15
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• 2023

Background: Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure. Methods: We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ² test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13-1.84). Conclusion: The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2003

To investigate biomarker-based exposure to phthalates and related factors with demographics, 100 subjects who had participated in comprehensive health check-up were selected. We collected demographics through questionnaires and analyzed urine samples for 5 phthalates. Statistical likelihoods and regression methods were applied for data analysis using censored data. The highest levels of urine phthalates were 216$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in di-isodecyl phthalate, 29.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in di-butyl phthalate, 5.78$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The median values of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were 0.2340 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for male smokers, 0.0399 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for male non-smokers and 0.0085 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for female non-smokers, respectively. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate and di-isodecyl phthalate were higher in males than in females. In addition, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was decreased with age. Our findings suggest that there might be significant demographic variations in exposure and/or metabolism of phthalates, and that health-risk assessment for phthalate exposure in humans should consider different potential risk groups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2019

Phthalate is a chemical endocrine disrupter and interfere with the action of hormones, estrogens, androgens and thyroid hormones. It also affect cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and reproductive system in the human and animals. Curcumin is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and -cancer properties in the human. We studied whether phthalates damage viability, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm in boar semen. We also treated curcumin with/without phthalates in the boar semen. Fresh boar semen was treated with phthalates and/or curcumin for examining sperm characteristics. Sperm characteristics, sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, and membrane integrity were determined during storage of boar semen. Sperm motility and viability in dose-dependent manner decreased by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, p<0.05). Phthalates also decreased mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm (p<0.05). However, sperm motility and viability were higher than untreated-curcumin when DBP, MBP and DEHP treated with a curcumin in boar semen (p<0.05). Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm were higher in DBP- and MBP-treated semen with curcumin (p<0.05). In conclusion, phthalates can damage sperm viability and quality during the boar semen storage, and curcumin may protect the boar sperms from phthalates during storage term.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Urine is a widely used matrix in biomonitoring studies on the assessment of human exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalate esters and bisphenol A (BPA). In addition to the need to apply valid analytical techniques, assurance of specimen integrity during collection and storage is an important prerequisite for the presentation of accurate and precise analytical data. One of the common issues encountered in the analysis of non-persistent contaminants is whether shipping and storage temperature and time since collection have an effect on sample integrity. In this study, we investigated the stability of phthalate metabolites and BPA in spiked and unspiked urine samples stored at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) or at $-80^{\circ}C$ for up to 8 weeks. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites declined, on average, by 3% to 15%, depending on the compounds, and BPA declined by ~30% after 4 weeks of storage of spiked urine samples at $20^{\circ}C$. In a test of 30 unspiked urine samples stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, the concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA decreased by up to 15% to 44%, depending on the compound and on the samples. It was found that the small reduction in phthalate concentrations observed in urine, varied depending on the samples. In a few urine samples, concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA did not decline even after storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. We found a significant relationship between concentrations of target analytes in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. We estimated the half-lives of phthalate metabolites and BPA in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$. The estimated half-life of monoethyl phthalate (mEP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxyphentyl) phthalate (mECPP) in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was over two years, of mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (mEOHP) and monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP) was approximately one year, and of other phthalate metabolites was approximately 6 months. The estimated half-life of BPA in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was approximately 3 months, which is much longer than that reported for aquatic ecosystems.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1244-1250
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• 2000

A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of plasticizers such as diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-propyl phthalate(DprP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate(DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate(BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate(DCHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA), which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food was studied. A analysis method was optimized for the quantification of plasticizers in Jjambbong, which is a kind of fatty noodle, by using GC/FID. The detection limits of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 3.5, 5.3, 2.2, 2.2, 7.2, 1.7, 1.9 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Much higher recovery was obtained by extraction with acetone/n-hexane(1:1) rather than hexane solvent system. The recovery of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 72.7, 85.9, 91.4, 97.1, 100.8, 103.2, 104.3 and 95.8% after 4 time extractions, respectively. The migration of plasticizers from PVC wraps into PVC wrap covered Jjambbong was conducted after shaking(120 rpm) for 30min at room temperature with chosen solvent system. It was found that the migration level of DEHA were 577, 706, 770 mg/kg into Jjambbong, respectively, while the other plasticizers were not observed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.433-443
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary habits and concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolite in elementary school children. Methods: This study was conducted in Seoul, South Korea. We collected urine samples from 156 children from a single school in September 2016. Information on dietary habits was obtained from the parents of the children. Five types of urinary phthalate metabolites were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolite. Results: Girls had a significantly lower concentration of urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (p=0.006) than did boys. When the consumption of bean processed food and wrapped delivery food were more than once a week, urinary MnBP (p=0.021) and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) (p=0.032) concentrations were the highest, respectively. Conclusion: Several urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were associated with demographic and dietary habits. Particularly, urinary MnBP and MBzP were associated with several processed foods. The findings of this study might be useful as basic data for establishing and educating on environmental health policy.