• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of the current study was to examine the acquisition of the second language prosody by Korean learners of English. Specifically, this study investigated Korean learners' patterns of prosodic phrasing and their use of edge tones (i.e., phrase accents and boundary tones) in English, and then compared the patterns with those of native English speakers. Eight Korean learners and 8 native speakers of English read 5 different English passages. Both groups' patterns of tones and prosodic phrasing were analyzed using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that the Korean learners chunked their speech into prosodic phrases more frequently than the native speakers did. This frequent prosodic phrasing pattern was especially noticeable in sentence-internal prosodic phrases, often where there was no punctuation mark. Tonal analyses revealed that the Korean learners put significantly more High phrase accents (H-) on their sentence-internal intermediate phrase boundaries than the native speakers of English. In addition, compared with the native speakers, the Korean learners used significantly more High boundary tones (both H-H% and L-H%) for the sentence-internal intonational phrases, while they used similar proportion of High boundary tones for the sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the results suggested that Korean learners of English successfully acquired the meanings and functions of prosodic phrasing and edge tones in English as well as that they are able to efficiently use these prosodic features to convey their own discourse intention.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.90-93
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• 2008

In natural language, it is common that repetitive constituents in an expression are to be left out and it is necessary to figure out the constituents omitted at analyzing the meaning of the sentence. This paper is on recognition of boundaries of parallel noun phrases by figuring out constituents omitted. Recognition of parallel noun phrases can greatly reduce complexity at the phase of sentence parsing. Moreover, in natural language information retrieval, recognition of noun with modifiers can play an important role in making indexes. We propose an unsupervised probabilistic model that identifies parallel cores as well as boundaries of parallel noun phrases conjoined by a conjunctive particle. It is based on the idea of swapping constituents, utilizing symmetry (two or more identical constituents are repeated) and reversibility (the order of constituents is changeable) in parallel structure. Semantic features of the modifiers around parallel noun phrase, are also used the probabilistic swapping model. The model is language-independent and in this paper presented on parallel noun phrases in Korean language. Experiment shows that our probabilistic model outperforms symmetry-based model and supervised machine learning based approaches.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2005

This paper shows the tonal patterns of English conjunctive utterances produced by Korean speakers of English, presenting that Korean speakers realize either the H - phrase tone or the H% boundary tone at the phrase-final part of the conjunctive utterances. Based on Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg's (1990) claim that either H- or H% tone indicates that a phrase is related to the following one, Korean speakers seem to produce the satisfactory patterns of edge tones in conjunctive sentences. In the experiment, we made up conjunctive sentences including both coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, and so and subordinate conjunctions like if, when and though. We varied the stimuli according to the existence of a comma and the lengths of connecting words and phrases. We also divided the subjects into two levels of English proficiency based on their English written test scores to see if Korean speakers' performance ability of edge tones is related with their general competence of English. Results show that Korean speakers produced 84% of the H- phrase tone in intermediate phrases and H-L% and L-H% boundary tones in intonational phrases. Also, coordinate and subordinate conjunctions show little difference in their tonal contours, and the existence of a comma or the lengths of connecting words and phrases do not affect Korean speakers' production of the H- phrasal tone and the H% boundary tone. This may suggest that pitch accents, rather than edge tones, should be put more focus on in teaching English intonation in Korea as much work has already shown that Korean speakers have serious problem with producing pitch accents in speaking English.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.109-132
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the focus realization of [Adjective+Noun] phrases which are used in English classroom situations. In order to examine this, two production and one perception experiments were designed. The noun phrases in the first two production experiments are divided into three patterns according to the location of focus. The difference between the two production experiments is that in the first experiment the focused words are contextually given in the classroom situation, but in the second experiment they are presented in written form. We compare the native English teachers' focus realization of noun phrases with that of Korean teachers from the point of view of intonational phonology. In the perception test, we examine how the uttered sentences are perceived by English native speakers and Korean native speakers. The results from the three experiments show that native English teachers' focus realization is quite consistent with informational structure. Also, there is a significant difference in pitch range of adjectives and nouns when the native speakers give pitch accents on the two content words, and the uttered sentences are mostly perceived as well as the speakers' intentions. As for Korean speakers, however, they usually focus only on the adjective or they focus on both the adjective and the noun, regardless of the relative informativeness of these words. From these findings, we can conclude that focus realization of Korean teachers is rather inconsistent with respect to informational structure when compared to that of native English teachers.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.714-726
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• 2022

본 논문의 목적은 만정제 <춘향가>에 나타난 한시 어구의 활용 방식과 그 음악적 특징을 규명하는데 있다. 이를 위해 사설에 활용된 한시 어구들의 역할을 풍경 묘사, 즐거운 감정의 심화, 슬픈 감정의 심화, 언어의 유희, 여러 시의 재구 등 다섯 가지의 패턴으로 분류하고, 이에 대한 음악적 분석을 시도하였다, 분석 결과, 슬픈 감정의 심화를 위한 한시 차용이 가장 많은 가운데, 슬픈 대목에 차용된 한시 어구들은 진양조, 중모리의 느린 장단과 계면길, 진계면성음의 애조 띤 선율로 구성됨으로써 장단과 선율이 모두 이면에 부합하게 표현되고 있는 반면, 풍경묘사 대목은 선율이, 즐거운 심정·언어유희 대목은 장단이 분위기를 좌우하는 특징을 보였다. 또 분석결과를 작창의 관점에 적용해볼 때, 보다 예술성 있는 판소리를 창작하기 위해서는 청중의 주의를 환기할 수 있는 참신한 텍스트의 발굴과 사설에의 적용, 이면에 맞는 음악적 구현 방법 등을 깊이 연구할 필요가 있다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2004

This paper presents methods using Gaussian normalization for converting pitch contours based on prosodic phrases along with experimental tests on the Korean database of 16 declarative sentences and the first sentences of the story of 'The Three Little Pigs'. We propose a new conversion method using Gaussian normalization to the pitch deviation of pitch contour subtracted by partial declination lines: by using partial declination lines for each accentual phrase of pitch contour, we avoid the problem that a Gaussian normalization using average values and standard deviations of intonational phrase tends to lose individual local variability and thus cannot modify individual characteristics of pitch contour from a source speaker to a target speaker. From the results of the experiments, we show that this slanted Gaussian normalization using these declination lines subtracted from pitch contour of accentual phrases can modify pitch contour more accurately than other methods using Gaussian normalization.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제64호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate prosodic characteristics in the speech of adults with cerebral palsy through a comparison with the speech of normal speakers. Ten speakers with cerebral palsy (6 males, 4 females) and 6 normal speakers (3 males, 3 females) served as subjects. The results revealed that, compared to normal speakers, speakers with cerebral palsy showed a slower speech rate, a larger number of intonational phrases(IPs) and pauses, a larger number of accentual phrases(APs) per IP, a longer duration of pauses, and more gradual slopes of [L +H] in APs. However, the two groups showed similar tone patterns in their APs. The results also showed mild to moderate correlations between speech intelligibility and the prosodic properties which showed significant differences between the two groups, suggesting that they could be important prosodic factors to predict speech intelligibility in the speech of adults with cerebral palsy.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제32B권1호
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• pp.136-146
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• 1995

In this paper, a Japanese morphological analyzer for Japanese to Korean Machine Translation System is designed. The analyzer reconstructs the Japanese input sentence into word phrases that include grammatical and dictionary informations. Thus we propose the algorithm to separate morphemes and then connect them by reference to a corresponding Korean word phrases. And we define the connector to control Japanese word phrases It is used in controlling the start and the end point of the word phrase in the Japanese sentence which is without a space. The proposed analyzer uses the analysis dictionary to perform more efficient analysis than the existing analyzer. And we can decrease the number of its dictionary searches. Since the analyzer, proposed in this paper, for Japanese to Korean Machine Translation System processes each word phrase in consideration of the corresponding Korean word phrase, it can generate more accurate Korean expressions than the existing one which places great importance on the generation of the entire sentence structure.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2007

The purposes of this paper were to develop an automatic script to collect such acoustic parameters as duration, intensity, pitch and the first two formant values of English words produced by two native Canadian speakers either alone or in a two-word phrase at a normal speed and to compare those values by the position in the phrases. A Praat script was proposed to obtain the comparable parameters at evenly divided time point of the target word. Results showed that the total duration of the word in the phrase was shorter than that of the word produced alone. That was attributed to the pronunciation style of the native speakers generally placing the primary word stress in the first word position. Also, the reduction ratio of the male speaker depended on the word position in the phrase while the female speaker didn't. Moreover, there were different contours of intensity and pitch by the position of the target word in the phrase while almost the same formant patterns were observed. Further studies would be desirable to examine those parameters of the words in the authentic speech materials.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2008년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.983-984
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• 2008

This paper proposes a variable break that can offset prediction error as well as a pre-selection methods, based on the variable break, for enhanced unit selection. In Japanese, a sentence consists of several APs (Accentual phrases) and MPs (Major phrases), and the breaks between these phrases must predicted to realize text-to-speech systems. An MP also consists of several APs and plays a decisive role in making synthetic speech natural and understandable because short pauses appear at its boundary. The variable break is defined as a break that is able to change easily from an AP to an MP boundary, or from an MP to an AP boundary. Using CART (Classification and Regression Trees), the variable break is modeled stochastically, and then we pre-select candidate units in the unit-selection process. As the experimental results show, it was possible to complement a break prediction error and improve the naturalness of synthetic speech.