• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.196-210
• /
• 2017

The synergistic effect on phosphate solubilization of single- and co-inoculation of two phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia (C1) and Alcaligenes aquatilis (H6), was assessed in liquid medium and maize plants. Co-inoculation of two strains was found to release the highest content of soluble phosphorus (309.66 ?g/mL) into the medium, followed by single inoculation of B. cepacia (305.49 ?g/mL) and A. aquatilis strain (282.38 ?g/mL). Based on a plant growth promotion bioassay, co-inoculated maize seedlings showed significant increases in shoot height (75%), shoot fresh weight (93.10%), shoot dry weight (84.99%), root maximum length (55.95%), root fresh weight (66.66%), root dry weight (275%), and maximum leaf length (81.53%), compared to the uninoculated control. In a field experiment, co-inoculated maize seedlings showed significant increases in cob length (136.92%), number of grain/cob (46.68%), and grain weight (67.46%) over control. In addition, single inoculation of maize seedlings also showed improved result over control. However, there was no significant difference between single inoculation of either bacterial strains and co-inoculation of these two bacterial strains in terms of phosphate solubilization index, phosphorous release, pH of the media, and plant growth parameters. Thus, single inoculation and co-inoculation of these bacteria could be used as biofertilizer for improving maize growth and yield.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate change in influent concentration of domestic wastewater flowed from a newly constructed separate sewer system (SSS) and biological nutrients removal efficiency of a full scale Air-vent sequential batch reactor (SBR, $600m^3/d$). The average concentration of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N and T-P from SSS were 246.5 mg/L, 231.6 mg/L, 42.974 mg/L, 5.360 mg/L, respectively which corresponds to 2.2times, 1.2times, 1.8times and 2.1times higher than those from the conventional combined sewer system (CSS). The removal efficiency of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N, and T-P for the Air-vent SBR operated with influent from SSS averaged 99.1%, 99.0%, 91.2%, and 93.5%, respectively. Especially the respective nitrogen and phosphorus removal was 15% greater than that of the SBR operated with influent from CSS. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was observed in an aerobic reactor(II) as a result of DO concentration gradient developed along the depth by the Air-vent system. In order to achieve T-N removal greater than 90%, the C/N ratio should be over 6.0 and the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and nitrogen loading rate be over 100 kg/day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$). Even with high influent T-P concentration of 5.360 mg/L from SSS (compared with 2.465 mg/L from CSS) T-P removal achieved 93.5% which was 15.5% higher than that of the SBR with influent from CSS. This is probably due to high influent $BOD_5$ concentration from SSS that could provide soluble carbon source to release phosphorus at anaerobic condition. In order to achieve T-P removal greater than 90%, the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and phosphorus loading rate should be over 100 kg /day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$).

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2017

A membrane bioreactor by sequentially alternating the inflow and by applying a two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation was evaluated in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency and cost-savings. The MBR consisted of two identical alternative reaction tanks, followed by aerobic, anoxic and membrane tanks, where the wastewater and the internal return sludge alternatively flowed into each alternative reaction tank at every 2 hours. In the batch-operated alternative reaction tank, the initial concentration of nitrate rapidly decreased from 2.3 to 0.4 mg/L for only 20 minutes after stopping the inflow, followed by substantial release of phosphorus up to 4 mg/L under anaerobic condition. Jar test showed that the minimum alum doses to reduce the initial $PO_4$-P below 0.2 mg/L were 2 and 9 mol-Al/mol-P in the wastewater and the activated sludge from the membrane tank, respectively. It implies that a pre-coagulation in influent is more cost-efficient for phosphorus removal than the coagulation in the bioreactor. On the result of NUR test, there were little difference in terms of denitrification rate and contents of readily biodegradable COD between raw wastewater and pre-coagulated wastewater. When adding alum into the aerobic tank, alum doses above 26 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ caused inhibitory effects on ammonia oxidation. Using the two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation, the P concentration in the MBR effluent was kept below 0.2 mg/L with the alum of 2.7 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$, which was much lower than 5.1~7.4 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ required for typical wastewater treatment plants. During the long-term operation of MBR, there was no change of the TMP increase rate before and after alum addition.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.670-679
• /
• 2017

An experiment to study the effect of temperature, light, and dredging on release of nutrients downstream from Gongjicheon in the Uiam reservoir was carried out in the laboratory using sediments from different depths. At various water temperatures, dissolved total nitrogen was not released, but the average nutrient flux of dissolved total phosphorus was increased (0.034 at $15^{\circ}C$, 0.005 at $20^{\circ}C$, 0.154 at $25^{\circ}C$, $0.592mg/m^2/d$ at $30^{\circ}C$). Dissolved total phosphorous was released in controlled darkness. In contrast, in controlled light, the concentrations of dissolved total phosphorous and dissolved total nitrogen in the overlying water steadily decreased during the study period (70 d), because they were continuously consumed by the growth of photosynthetic algae. However, there was no significant relationship between water nutrient concentration, nutrient release, and the depth of the sediment. We concluded that the dredging of sediment would not affect the nutrient release rate of the sediment, because there were no significant differences in the nutrient concentrations released from the sediment. When the sediment was removed from the surface to 20 cm in depth, the nutrients were not transferred to the water body, implying that the sediment removal had little effect on secondary pollution.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.563-572
• /
• 2006

정체수역 호소 퇴적물로부터 인 용출 저감을 위한 최적의 In-situ 처리 방법을 제시하고자 실험실 규모의 batch test를 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 퇴적물의 성상은 평균입도 $7.7{\phi}$(mud)로 매우 세립하고, 유기탄소 함량은 2.4%로 매우 높다. 인 용출 실험은 수층 미생물의 영향을 고려한 경우와 미생물의 영향을 배제한 호소수와 증류수로 구분하여 총 12개 컬럼을 비교 평가하였다. In-situ capping 소재로는 모래와 황토를 사용하였으며, in-situ chemical treatment로는 Fe-Gypsum, $SiO_2$-Gypsum의 산화제를 적용하였다. 또한 산화제와 모래층을 결합시킨 복합층에 대해서도 비교 평가하였다. 미생물의 영향을 고려한 호소수의 경우, 실험 초기에는 인의 농도가 급격히 감소하다 10일 이후부터 서서히 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 수층의 미생물에 의해 인이 섭취(uptake)되었다가 다시 용출되는데 시간이 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 30일간 퇴적물로부터 용출된 인의 flux는 control의 경우 $3.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$로 매우 높고, 모래층(5 cm), 황토층(5 cm)으로 rapping을 한 경우 역시 충분한 압밀이 이루어지지 않아 $2.5mg/m^2{\cdot}d,\;1.8mg/m^2{\cdot}d$로 인 저감 효율이 낮았다. 화학적 소재를 적용한 Fe-gypsum와 $SiO_2$-gypsum은 $1.4mg/m^2{\cdot}d$로 control과 비교시 인 용출 저감 효율이 약 40% 이상으로 나타났다. 복합층으로 rapping을 한 경우는 $1.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$로 60% 이상의 높은 인 저감 효율을 보였다. 즉, 오염퇴적물에 산화제로서 gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) 적용은 인의 용출을 감소시키며, 퇴적물내 황산염이 서서히 용해되어 SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria)의 활성과 유기물의 광물화를 촉진시킬 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.384-394
• /
• 2001

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, P, N and pharmacological level minerals should be properly managed. Microbial phytase has been used successfully to control P excretion. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Nitrogen control can be achieved through amino acid supplementation and protein restriction in the diet. Supplementation with carbohydrases reduces output of excreta as well as N. Ammonia release from the manure could be reduced by using a low crude protein diet along with the supplementation with probiotics products. Excretion of minerals used at pharmacological level can be reduced by using chelated forms. Cu and Zn in the form of methionine chelate have been successfully used in the broiler and pig diets.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 해양환경안전학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.145-147
• /
• 2009

Nutrients in wastewater should be removed prior to release in the receiving waters to prevent the occurrence of eutrophication. In this study, seawater is used to remove ammonia and phosphate by the formation of struvite ($MgNH_{4}PO_{4}{\cdot}6H_{2}O$). It aims to know the optimum conditions for the removal of nutrients using seawater as source of magnesium ions. Experiments were performed using jar tester and pH of ammonium-phosphate solutions were adjusted Samples were drawn at different mixing times. It was shown that simultaneous removal of ammonia and phosphate is rapid, with no significant reduction beyond 10 min of mixing Another important parameter is pH, where range 10-11 showed the optimum nutrient removal. Increase in the volume of seawater, which meant an increase in magnesium ions also lead to better removal.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2014

Three magnesium compounds, $MgO_2$, MgO, and $Mg(OH)_2$, which are supposed to supply oxygen continuously, were applied onto contaminated bay sediment and its ecology in order to activate the local microbial flora. Those compounds were found to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P). Magnesium oxide, in particular, reduced COD by 30% and T-N and T-P considerably. All compounds also suppressed the release of pollutants in the order $MgO_2$, MgO, and $Mg(OH)_2$. Analysis of microbial flora showed that the microbial group treated by $MgO_2$ and $Mg(OH)_2$ was predictably stable; meanwhile, that treated by MgO increased the number of species, but decreased the total number of microorganisms.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 2003년도 학술발표논문집
• /
• pp.579-582
• /
• 2003

Water quality model applicable paddy field was developed using field experiment during $1999{\sim}2002$. This model involves inputs from fertilization and sediment release as dirac delta function and continuous source function, respectively, and can simulate various processes such as ponded depth, surface drainage, total nitrogen concentration and total phosphorus concentration in a daily basis. Water quality model for paddy field developed in this study is simply, needs little parameters, but appeared high applicability to evaluate paddy filed drainage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.333-345
• /
• 2011

Aquatic macrophytes, often also called hydrophytes, are key components of aquatic and wetland ecosystems. This review is to briefly summarizes various macrophyte classifications, and covers numerous aspects of macrophytes' role in wetland ecosystems, namely in nutrient cycling. The most widely accepted macrophyte classification differentiates between freely floating macrophytes and those attached to the substrate, with the attached, or rooted macrophytes further divided into three categories: floating-leaved, submerged and emergent. Biogeochemical processes in the water column and sediments are to a large extent influenced by the type of macrophytes. Macrophytes vary in their biomass production, capability to recycle nutrients, and impacts on the rhizosphere by release of oxygen and organic carbon, as well as their capability to serve as a conduit for methane. With increasing eutrophication, the species diversity of wetland macrophytes generally declines, and the speciose communities are being replaced by monoculture-forming strong competitors. A similar situation often happens with invasive species. The roles of macrophytes and sediment microorganisms in wetland ecosystems are closely connected and should be studied simultaneously rather than in isolation.