• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.390-400
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• 2019

In this study, strains isolated from soil samples collected from Busan, Changwon, and Jeju Island were examined to verify their abilities of phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation, production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylyic acid (ACC) deaminase in order to select strains that promote plant growth and play a role in biocontrol of pests or pathogens. According to the results of this study, most of the isolated strains were found to have ability of phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, IAA production, siderophore production, and production of ACC deaminase. These isolated strains might help plant growth by directly improving absorption of nutrients essential for phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. In addition, they can promote plant growth and control resistance to plant diseases through extracellular enzyme activity and antifungal activity. In addition, most of the selected strains were found to survive in various environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, and pH. Therefore, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida ANG14, Pseudarthrobacter equi ANG28, Beijerinckia fluminensis ANG34, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ANG35 were finally selected through a comparative advantage analysis to suggest their potential as novel biological agents. Further studies are necessary in order to prove their efficacy as novel biological agents through formulation and optimization of effective microorganisms, their preservation period, and crop cultivation tests.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

We investigated the capability of the phosphate-solubilizing fungus, Penicillium sp. GL-101, to solubilize in vitro some insoluble rock phosphate via possible mechanisms: acidification of the medium, production of chelating metabolites, redox activity, and so on. GL-101 was able to solubilize rock phosphate (mostly calcium phosphate) in a liquid potato dextrose broth(PDB) medium, as determined by spectrophotometric analyses. Acidification was the major mechanism of solubilization since the pH of cultures fell below 4.0 and in cultures containing 1.0%(w/v) loess the pH dropped from 7.0 to 3.2. More than 10 mg/mL concentrations of citric acids were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) in the culture supernatants. Also this fungus showed the phosphatase activity (over 1.3 unit) to contribute partially releasing phosphate from rock phosphate, when supplemented with 1.0% loess in culture broth. The chelating activity of GL-101 in culture supernatants was not present because 2-ketogluconic acid, a chelating agent for the phosphate, was produced only a basal level. Therefore, the solubilization mechanism of rock phosphate by Penicillium sp. GL-101 involves both acidification due to citric acid production and phosphatase activity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2009

Fourteen bacterial strains were isolated from crop rhizosphere and identified as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) by 16S rRNA analysis. Only 3 strains exhibited a strong ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate in agar medium containing a hydroxyapatite. The rates of P solubilization by isolates were ranged from 200 and $2300\;mg\;L^{-1}$, which are inversely correlated with pH in culture medium. Furthermore, HPLC analyses reveal the production of organic acid from the culture filtrates of PSB. Among these, strain Acinetobacter sp. released only gluconic acid, Pseudomonas orientalis produced gluconic acid which was subsequently converted into 2-ketogluconic acid, and Enterobacter asburiae released acetic acid and succinic acid. On the other hand, P. orientalis and E. asburiae released $372\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and $191\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of IAA into broth culture, respectively, while Acinetobacter sp. did not produce IAA. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that plant growth promoting effect by bacteria generally seemed to be increased IAA production and phosphate solubilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.348-353
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• 2008

With the aim to explore the possible role of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil, we conducted a survey of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms colonizing in upland and plastic film house soils. Soil EC, pH, organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeable cation such as potassium, calcium and magnesium, and total P of plastic film house soils were higher than those of upland soils. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria population was higher in plastic film house soils than upland soils, but species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria was more diverse in the upland soils than the plastic film house soils. There was significant positive correlation between phosphate solubilization and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soils. Bacillus, Cedecea, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia spp. were isolated from upland soils and Bacillus and Cellulomonas spp. were from plastic film house soils.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.401-414
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• 2016

The synergistic effect on phosphate solubilization of single- and co-inoculation of two phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Burkholderia anthina PSB-15 and Enterobacter aerogenes PSB-16, was assessed in liquid medium and green gram plants. Co-inoculation of two strains was found to release the highest content of soluble phosphorus ($519{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) into the medium, followed by single inoculation of Burkholderia strain ($492{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) and Enterobacter strain ($483{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$). However, there was no significant difference between single inoculation of bacterial strain and co-inoculation of two bacterial strains in terms of phosphorous release. The highest pH reduction, organic acid production, and glucose consumption were observed in the culture medium co-inoculated with PSB-15 and PSB-16 strains rather than that of single inoculation. Based on the plant growth promotion bioassay, co-inoculated mung bean seedlings recorded 9% and 8% higher shoot and root growth, respectively, compared to the control. Therefore, in conclusion, co-inoculation of the strains B. anthina and E. aerogenes displayed better performance in stimulating plant growth than inoculation of each strain alone. However, considering the short assessment period of the present study, we recommend engaging in further work under field conditions in order to test the suitability of these strains as bio-inoculants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2018

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2008

Pseudomonas sp. PRGB06, a bacterial strain isolated from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) gut, was examined for its plant growth promotion and biofertilizing traits. The bacteria growth was observed under various conditions of carbon sources, temperature, pH and salt concentrations. In addition, the mechanisms of antagonism and phosphate solubilization were investigated. The bacterial strain PRGB06, grew well using most of the tested carbon sources. The best growth was observed at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 7. The inhibition of the pathogenic fungi was likely due to the volatile antifungal metabolite and ammonia gas produced by the bacteria. A significant positive relationship was found between the phosphate solubilization and acid production. When inoculated with PRGB06 in vitro and in gnotobiotic condition, red pepper and maize showed increase in root length, seedling vigor and dry bio-mass.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2012

One hundred thirty-four putative Bacillus isolates were recovered from soybean rhizosphere soils of Nimar region to select effective zinc solubilizers for increased assimilation of zinc (Zn) in soybean seeds. These isolates were screened in vitro for zinc-solubilization ability on Tris-minimal agar medium supplemented separately with 0.1% zinc in the form of zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, and zinc carbonate. Of all, 9 isolates and a reference Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 were characterized and identified as Bacillus species based on Gram-positive reaction, endospore-forming cells, and the presence of iso-$C_{15:0}$ and anteiso-$C_{15:0}$ as predominant fatty acids. On plate assay, two isolates KHBD-6 and KHBAR-1 showed a greater diameter of solubilization halo and colony diameter on all the three zinc compounds. The isolates KHBD-6, KHBAR-1, BDSD-2-2C, and KHTH-4-1 and the reference strain ATCC 13061 had higher soluble zinc concentration in liquid medium supplemented with zinc phosphate and zinc carbonate compounds as compared with the other isolates and uninoculated control. Evaluation under microcosm conditions showed that inoculation of isolates KHBD-6 (57.34 ${\mu}g/g$), KHBAR-1 (55.67 ${\mu}g/g$), and strain ATCC 13061 (53.10 ${\mu}g/g$) significantly increased the Zn concentration in soybean seeds as compared with the other isolates and uninoculated control (47.14 ${\mu}g/g$). This study suggests the occurrence of zinc-solubilizing Bacillus in soils of Nimar region and isolates KHBD-6 and KHBAR-1 were found to be promising zinc solubilizers for increased assimilation of Zn in soybean seeds.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

Forty yeast strains isolated from soils taken from different locations in Egypt were tested for their P-solubilizing activities on the basis of analyzing the clear zone around colonies growing on a tricalcium phosphate medium after incubation for 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$, denoted as the solubilization index (SI). Nine isolates that exhibited P-solubilization potential with an SI ranging from 1.19 to 2.76 were genetically characterized as five yeasts belonging to the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and four non-Saccharomyces, based on a PCR analysis of the ITS1-26S region amplied by SC1/SC2 species-specific primers. The highest P-solubilization efficiency was demonstrated by isolate PSY- 4, which was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a sequence analysis of the variable D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA. The effects of single and mixed inoculations with yeast PSY-4 and Bacillus polymyxa on the P-uptake and growth of corn were tested in a greenhouse experiment using different levels of a phosphorus chemical fertilizer (50, 100, and 200 kg/ha super phosphate 15.5% $P_2O_5$). The results showed that inoculating the corn with yeast PSY-4 or B. polymyxa caused significant increases in the shoot and root dry weights and P-uptake in the shoots and roots. The P-fertilization level also had a significant influence on the shoot and root dry weights and P-uptake in the shoots and roots when increasing the P-level from 50 up to 200 kg/ha. Dual inoculation with yeast strain PSY-4 and B. polymyxa at a P-fertilization level of 200 kg/ha gave higher values for the shoot and root dry weights and P-uptake in the shoots and roots, yet these increases were nonsignificant when compared with dual inoculation with yeast strain PSY-4 and B. polymyxa at a P-fertilization level of 100 kg/ha. The best increases were obtained from dual inoculation with yeast strain PSY-4 and B. polymyxa at a P-fertilization level of 100 kg/ha, which induced the following percentage increases in the shoot and root dry weights, and P-uptake in the shoots and roots; 16.22%, 46.92%, 10.09%, and 31.07%, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control (fertilized with 100 kg/ha).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 1991

Spent layer breast meat and leg meat samples washed with 0.05 M sodium bicarbonate solution and 0.04 M phosphate buffer(pH 8.3) showed decreases in heat denaturation temperature indicating the destabilization of myofibrillar proteins. The destabilization was attributed to the solubilization of 95 Kdalton and 55 kdalton proteins from the myofibrils observed in gel-electrophoretograms. Transmission electron microscopy further indicated the breakage of Z-lines.