• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.330-340
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• 2019

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the integrated effect of zinc (Zn) with other nutrients in managing early blight (EB) disease in tomato. A pot experiment was carried out with basal application of the recommended level of macronutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)] and micronutrients [magnesium (Mg) and boron (B)] in bilateral combination with Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized deigned in replicates. Results revealed that interactive effect of Zn with Mg or B was often futile and in some cases synergistic. Zn with NPK yield synergistic outcome, therefore EB disease was managed significantly (disease incidence: 25% and percent severity index: 13%), which resulted in an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and uses with improved growth and development in a tomato plant. Thus, crosstalk and convergence of mechanisms in metabolic pathways resulted in induction of resistance in tomato plant against a pathogen which significantly improved photosynthetic pigment, total phenolics, total protein content and defense-related enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)]. The tremendous increase in total phenolics and PAL activity suggesting their additive effect on salicylic acid which may help the plant to systemically induce resistance against pathogen attack. It was concluded that interactive effect of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) with NPK significantly managed EB disease and showed positive effect on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes therefor use of Zn + NPK is simple and credible efforts to combat Alternaria stress in tomato plants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1536-1541
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• 2014

Pinocembrin is a flavonoid that exhibits diverse biological properties. Although the major source of pinocembrin is propolis, it can be synthesized biologically using microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, which has been used to synthesize diverse natural compounds. Pinocembrin is synthesized from phenylalanine by the action of three enzymes; phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), and chalcone synthase (CHS). In order to synthesize pinocembrin from glucose in Escherichia coli, the PAL, 4CL, and CHS genes from three different plants were introduced into an E. coli strain. Next, we tested the different constructs containing 4CL and CHS. In addition, the malonyl-CoA level was increased by overexpressing acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Through these strategies, a high production yield (97 mg/l) of pinocembrin was achieved.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.975-982
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• 2017

Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa, possesses diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic activities. Two curcuminoids (dicinnamoylmethane and bisdemethoxycurcumin) were synthesized from glucose in Escherichia coli. PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) or TAL (tyrosine ammonia lyase), along with Os4CL (p-coumaroyl-CoA ligase) and CUS (curcumin synthase) genes, were introduced into E. coli, and each strain produced dicinnamoylmethane or bisdemethoxycurcumin, respectively. In order to increase the production of curcuminoids in E. coli, the shikimic acid biosynthesis pathway, which increases the substrates for curcuminoid biosynthesis, was engineered. Using the engineered strains, the production of bisdemethoxycurcumin increased from 0.32 to 4.63 mg/l, and that of dicinnamoylmethane from 1.24 to 6.95 mg/l.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2010

Biosynthetic studies on brasiliamides, potently convulsive and bacteriostatic compounds from an endophytic Penicillium brasilianum isolated from Melia azedarach (Meliaceae), confirms their phenylpropanoid origin, which is very uncommon in fungi. Feeding experiments with [$2-^{13}C$]-phenylalanine indicated the incorporation of two units of this amino acid on brasiliamide structures. The first step in the phenylpropanoid pathway to those compounds was evaluated through enzymatic bioassays and confirmed the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) participation. The metabolism of phenylalanine in this fungus is discussed.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2012

Early growth, pigmentation, protein content, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity of red curly lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under different lighting conditions were investigated. Fluorescent lamps (control), blue, red, and blue plus red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as light sources for 10 days. An equal proportion (1:1) of blue and red LEDs was used in the mixed radiation condition. Compared with the control, monochromic red or blue lighting increased fresh and dry weights of 'Ttuksum' and 'Jaju' lettuces. Anthocyanin synthesis was also significantly promoted by the mixed radiation of blue and red LEDs. The mixed radiation also increased the protein content and PAL enzyme activity of 'Ttuksum' leaves by about 200% compared to other treatments. Anthocyanin content was the highest in lettuces subjected to the mixture radiation of blue and red light treatment, while anthocyanin synthesis was inhibited by monochromic red light. The results of the present study indicate that growth and pigment synthesis in lettuces are significantly enhanced by exposure to mixed radiation from blue and red LEDs.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 상처, 병원균의 침입 등에 의하여 발현양이 크게 증폭되는 토마토 PAL유전자의 promoter에 giant silk moth(Hyalophora cecropia)로부터 분리한 lytic gene의 genetic code를 일부 변경한 Shiva 유전자를 부착하여 담배, 감자 등의 작물에 형질전환을 시도하였다. 형질전환된 담배로부터 얻은 종자에 대한 kanamycin저항성 유전자의 유전분석, PCR 증폭 혹은 genomic Southern blot hybridization에 의하여 tPAL5 promoter-Shiva fusion gene의 염색체내로의 integration을 확인하였다. Kanamycin 저항성 유전자의 유전분석에서 선발된 7개체를 PCR 분석 실시한 결과 모든 개체가 positive임이 확인되었으나, genomic Southern blot Hybridization으로는 4개체가 negative로 나타났다. 특히 한 개체의 경우는 chromosome rearrangement 현상이 일어난 것으로 추정되었다. 감자의 경우는 남작(Irish Cobbler) 품종이 Zeatin 2.0 mg/L NAA 0.01 mg/L, GA$_3$ 0.1mg/L을 포함한 배지에서 callus형성율 및 shooting율이 가장 높아서 재분화된 형질전환체를 얻을 수 있었다. 한편 GUS 유전자는 Shiva 유전자의 3' 말단에 존재하는 NOS terminator 때문에 translation까지의 발현이 어려울 것으로 예상되었으나 형질 전환하지 않은 담배에서보다 10배 이상의 GUS활성을 나타내었다. 또한 감자 조직에 X-gluc을 사용하여 GUS($\beta$-glucuronidase)의 기질로 작용하게 하여 효소활성 자리를 염색한 결과 줄기, 잎, 뿌리 등의 도관 조직에 다량 발혈됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2020

페닐케톤뇨증(PKU)은 전세계적으로 가장 잘 알려지고 중요한 유전성 대사질환이다. 1950년대 이후 단백제한을 이용한 식사치료를 처음으로 시도하여 성과가 있었던 질환이며 1960년대 이후 신생아선별검사를 통해 조기진단과 조기치료가 가능하게 된 최초의 유전성대사질환이기 때문이다. 단백제한 식사치료의 효과가 좋지만 학동기, 사춘기 이후 성인시기까지 유지하는 것의 어려움이 있고 이시기에 조절이 잘 되지 않았을 경우 경련, 여러가지 정신과적인 문제들, 삶의 질의 감소 등이 문제가 되어서 오랜 기간 치료를 위한 여러 방법들이 제시되었다. 더해서 2014년 미국의학유전학회(American Medical College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, ACMG)에서 전 연령에서 혈중 페닐알라닌 수치를 120-360 umol/L로 제시를 한 이후 더욱 치료의 중요성이 올라갔다. 2000년대 페닐알라닌수산화 효소(phenylalanine hydroxylase, PAH)의 조효소인 tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)가 치료 승인되어서 약물반응을 보이는 환자에서 치료가 시작되었으며 4세미만에서도 허가가 되어서 이른 시기부터 약물치료를 병행하여 효과를 보게 되었다. 높은 혈중 페닐알라닌수치가 혈액-뇌 장벽(Blood-brain barrier, BBB)을 통하여 뇌로 넘어가서 회백질의 변성을 나타내게 되는 문제를 막기 위해 거대중성아미노산(LNAA)를 이용한 치료가 시도되고 있다. 오랫동안 연구되었던 페닐알라닌을 trans-cinnamic acid와 암모니아로 변화를 시키는 phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL)을 이용한 효소치료는 최근 약제로 개발되어서 2018년 이후 성인환자를 대상으로 치료가 시작되었고 잘 조절되지 않는 환자들에게 효과를 보이고 있다. PAL을 경구용으로 개발하는 것이 빠르게 진행 중이며 유전자치료에 대한 연구들도 활발하게 진행이 되고 있어 다양한 치료들이 앞으로 기대된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2001

The induction of enzymes and the accumulation of their end products associated with self-defense mechanism in rice were investigated. When rice leaves were irradiated with UV light, activities of diterpene cyclase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CA4H) were induced and rice phytoalexin, momilactone A was accumulated. The content of p-coumaric acid in rice leaves was closely correlated with self-defense or allelopathic potential against barnyardgrass. UV-challenged rice leaves gave rise to the inhibition of barnyardgrass growth.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to determine effects of phosphorus on lignification and carbohydrate metabolism in Kentucky bluegrass under drought stress. Drought stress was induced by reducing of water to plants in pots. Two types of phosphorus were applied as potassium phosphate (PO₄^3-; P) or potassium phosphonate (PO₃^3-; PA) in drought-stressed plants. Drought had significant negative effects on plant growth, as revealed by reduced biomass of shoot. Drought-induced increase of lignin content was concomitant with the increase of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Soluble sugar content was highly increased but fructan content was largely decreased by drought stress. However, the application of phosphorus was efficient to ameliorate the adverse effects of drought. PA application improved reduced shoot growth and relative water content, and inhibited lignification synthesis with a reduction of PAL activity. P or PA application maintained soluble sugar and fructan content at similar levels to controls under drought stress. These results indicate that phosphorus application may mitigate the drought stress by inhibiting the lignification and promoting the fructan assimilation.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2016

고온은 사과(Malus domestica Borkh) 과실의 품질에 영향을 끼치는 가장 중요한 환경 요인 중 하나이다. 착색기의 '홍로' 사과 과실을 3단계로 구분하여 Real-time PCR을 통해 온도조건에 따른 안토시아닌 합성과 당 축적 관련 유전자의 발현 차이를 조사하였다. 당 합성관련 유전자인 ${\beta}$-amylase(BMY)와 polygalacturonase(PG)의 발현은 변색 시작단계보다 마지막 단계에서 월등히 높았다. 과피의 착색과 관련있는 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), chalcone synthase(CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H)와 malate dehydrogenase(MDH)유전자는 변색 초기작단계에서는 고온 처리 24시간후에 발현이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 변색 중간단계에서는 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 변색단계별로 보았을 때 $25^{\circ}C$처리구가 다른 온도처리구보다 발현 정도가 더 높았으며, 변색 시작단계보다 마지막 단계에서의 발현이 강하게 유도되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 착색 초기단계의 과실이 고온스트레스가 가장 영향을 끼치므로 착색초기단계의 과실을 이용하여 전사체를 분석하면 분자생물학적 수준에서 사과의 성숙대사에서 유용한 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.