• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Objective : Reflux esophagitis is a disease caused by the reflux of gastric acid and inflammation due to unstable gastroesophageal sphincter. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of Phellodendri Cortex (PC) on chronic reflux esophagitis (CRE) in rats. Methods : The anti-oxidant activity of PC was measured by total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. A CRE was established surgically in SD rats. And then CRE rats were treated with water or PC 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. Besides, the anti-oxidant and inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Results : PC reduced esophagus tissues injury. The total polyphenol (36.05 ± 0.25 mg/g) and total flavonoid (72.90 ± 0.61 mg/g) of PC showed a high content. PC strongly reduced radical scavenging activities (DPPH IC₅₀ 43.58 ± 1.54 ㎍/㎖; ABTS IC₅₀ 36.75 ± 0.35 ㎍/㎖). Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) levels in serum, the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) were significantly reduced. In addition, the protein expression of NADPH oxidases related to oxidative stress were significantly reduced in PC compared to CRE control. PC effectively reduced inflammatory factors including, TNF-α, and IL-6 via NF-κBp65 inactivation through the inhibition of p-IκBα and increased anti-oxidant enzyme such as HO-1, SOD, catalase, and GPx-1/2 via Nrf2 activation. Conclusions : Taken together, these results show that PC can alleviate the esophageal mucosal ulcer though the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory and the enhancement of Nrf2 anti-oxidant pathway.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.112-118
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• 1979

21 herbal drugs registered in K.P. III were tested for contamination of fungi and isolation of aflatoxin producible strains. Initially contaminated fungi were Aspergillus group (41.28%) and Penicillium (47.26%) and the other fungi were contaminated somewhat. The most frequent isolation of Aspergillus group was Cnidii Rhizoma and that of Penicillium was Piperis Fructus nigri. Cnidii Rhizoma was the most contaminated drug and Cassiae Cortex was the least among them. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from 10 samples and Aspergillus parasiticus was detected in Glycyrrhizae Radix, Phellodendri Cortex. Aspergillus ochraceus was isolated from only Scutelariae Radix, and Fusarium nivale was isolated from Cnidii Rhizoma and Torreya Semen. None of Aspergillus and Penicillium was detected in only Coptidis Rhizoma. No strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from were produced aflatoxin.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

Objectives : To quantitatively analyze the academic characteristics of Yuhagan and Idongwon and compare it to existing qualitative analysis. Methods : The prescriptions listed in Somunsunmyungronbang and Nansilbijang were entered into a database. Commonly used combination of medical herbs were researched throughout the literature. Results : In Nansilbijang, among the combinations of 8 medical herbs, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex combination was used 11 times out of the 277 prescriptions. In Somunsunmyungronbang, combinations of 7 medical herbs: (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Menthae Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Forsythiae Fructus), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Paeniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Cnidii Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba) were each used 7 times out of the 350 prescriptions. Conclusions : Nansilbijang shows more prescriptions applying Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex. Prescriptions aimed to tonify ql with Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix, to upraise the middle qi with Bupleuri Radix and Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and to regulate qi with Citri Pericarpium and Atractyodis Rhizoma were common. Somunsunmyungronbang preferred the use of Angelicae gigantis Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhel Radix et Rhizoma, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba, Forsythiae Fructus and Menthae Herba so its focus was on the aggressive management of febrile diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.113-120
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was evaluated to elucidate the inhibitory potential of Imyosan(IMS) and its components, Phellodendri Cortex(PC: Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Hwangbaek in Korean) and Atractylodis Rhizoma(AR: Atratylodes lancea D.C., Changchool in Korean), on human aortic smooth muscle cells(HASMC) migration and production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 by TNF-${\alpha}$ treatment. Methods: Cytotoxic activity of IMS and its components on HASMC was using 5-(3-caroboxy meth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt(MTS) assay. Effect of IMS, PC and AR on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMC migration underside of matrigel filter was stained with hematoxylin-eosin. And total number of cells that migrated to the underside of the filter was counted. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography assay. Results: The matrigel migration assay showed that IMS effectively inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced migration of HASMC. Moreover, IMS significantly inhibited MMP-9 activity. Our present study demonstrates that IMS and its components inhibit TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMC migration and MMP-9 activity. The inhibitory effect of IMS extract is more potent than that of its component herb extracts. Conclusions: These results provide evidence that IMS has multiple effects in the inhibition of HASMC migration and may offer a therapeutic approach to block HASMC migration.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.620-627
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• 2011

We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of crude hot-water extracts of the traditional Korean medicinal herb, Phellodendri Cortex (PC; Bark of Phellodendron amurense RUPR.), in an experimental model of hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$). The serum marker of liver damage, sGOT, sGPT and sALP, were significantly decreased in the liver of the PC treated rats, compared with that of $CCl_4$ treated group. The histological observation of liver section of rats, showed the same protective effect of PC treatment. And the protective activity of PC was more significant in the post-treated group than pre-treated group. The significant decrease of malodialdehyde and increase of glutathion, catalase activity were observed in the liver homogenate of PC treated rats. Based on these findings, it is suggested that PC has potent hepatoprotective effects and the mechanism of the protection may be related to antioxidation pathways.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the osteoarthritis-related effect of each constituent herb of ChondroT, the herbal medicine that used for osteoarthritis. Methods We searched osteoarthritis-related studies on each constituent herb of ChondroT via five Korean Medicine web databases. We classified these studies by each constituent herb (Ostericii Radix, Angelica Gigas Nakai, Clematidis Radix, Lonicerae Flos, Phellodendri Cortex) and researched the osteoarthritis-related effect. Results We collected 18 studies (two studies of Ostericii Radix, five studies of Angelica Gigas Nakai, three studies of Clematidis Radix, six studies of Lonicerae Flos, and two studies of Phellodendri Cortex). All of these studies were composed of in vivo and in vitro, and there were six pharmacopuncture experimental study. All experiments showed the significant effects on specific inflammatory mediators. Conclusions These results suggest that ChondroT will be able to apply to the treatment of osteoarthritis through continuous research and development.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.783-789
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• 2005

Vibriocidal GOCHUJANG was manufactured using extract of natural products and green tea. Antioxidative capacity of natural products and combination of natural products was measured with Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) system value. Inhibitory ability of vibriocidal GOCHUJANG was compared with Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) values. Phellodendri cortex, Schizandrae fructus, Theae folium, Scutellaria baicalensis george and Acanthodanacis cortex and combination of these natural products were showed higher antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effect against V. para-haemolyticus. Two kinds of combinations, A combination was composed of Phellodendri cortex, Schizandrae fructus, Theae folium, Scutellaria baicalensis george, and B combination was consisted of Acanthodanacis cortex and A combination, were presented higher inhibition ratio with IZD values as $1.57\pm0.0051$ and $1.56\pm0.0071$, respectively. Vibriocidal GOCHUJANG was prepared based on A and B combination with their higher IZD Value as $1.76\pm0.0103$ and $1.79\pm0.0103$, respectively. When vinegar was added to A and B based GOCHUJANG, their IZD value was more higher as $2.15\pm0.0071$ and $2.44\pm0.0086$, respectively B combination based GOCHUJANG was exhibited higher inhibitory effect than A based GOCHUJANG. Combination of natural products was more important process for increasing vibriocidal effect. But addition of soybean malt or chitosan or a garlic into A or B combined GOCHUJANG, no different effect was exhibited.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.731-739
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• 2002

The growth of V. parahaemolyticus was inhibited by the combination of natural products having antioxidative capacity. The growth of V. parahaemolyticus was controlled effectively by each or the combination of Paeonia japonica, Acanthodanacis cortex, Phellodendri cortex, Mori cortex radicis, Theae folium, Galla rhois, Coptidis rhizomn and Astragali radix. The growth inhibition ratio of the combination of Astragali radix, Phellodendri cortex, Coptidis rhizotna and Paeonia japonica was 95%, and its antioxidative capacity was also 5.4 times higher, and the elimination ratio of hydroxyl radical was more than 80% compared with control. As natural products might activate some parts of human body, they could be utilized as pharmaceuitcal applications, functional foods, antiaging tea, and multifunctional fermentative beverages.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.326-330
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• 2005

Antioxidative capacity of natural products and combination of natural products was measured with ORP system value. Inhibitory ability of vibriocidal GOCHUJANG was compared with IZD values, inhibited clear zone was divided by diameter of disk. Phellodendri cortex, Schizandrae fructus, Theae folium, Scutellaria baicalensis george and Acanthodanacis cortex and Combination of these natural products were showed higher antioxidant capacity and controlling ability against V. parahaemolyticus. Two kinds of combinations, A combination was composed of Phellodendri cortex, Schizandrae fructus, Theae folium, Scutellaria baicalensis george, and B combination was consist Acanthodanacis cortex plus A combination, were presented higher inhibition ratio with IZD values as 1.57 and 1.56, respectively. Vibriocidal GOCHUJANG was prepared based on A and B combination with their higher IZD value as 1.67 and 1.79, respectively. and, when vineger was added to A and B based GOCHUJANG their IZD value was more higher as a 2.15 and 2.44, respectively. B combination based GOCHUJANG was exhibited higher controlling effect than A based GOCHUJANG. Combination of natural products was more important precedure for increasing vibriocidal effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1119-1125
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• 2002

The growth of C. pefringens was inhibited by the combination of natural products which have antioxidative capacity C. perfringens was controlled very effectively by each or the combination of Paeonia japonica, Atractylodis rhizome alba, Epimedii herba, Acori graminei rhizoma, Schizandraefructus, Lyciifructus, Cinnamomi cortex Sophorae flos Phellodendri cortex, Nelumbo nuclfera gaertner, Asparagi tuber, Mori cortex radicis, Astrafali radix and Coptidis rhizome The combination of Phellodendri cortex, Epimedii herba, Astragali radtx and Glycyrrhizae radix inhibited the growth of C. pefringen by 75% and increased the antioxidative activity by 4.4 times. This combination also eliminated more than 80% of hydroxyl radical. These natural products can be utilized as pharmaceuticals, functional foods, antiaging tea, and multifunctional fermentative beverages.