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Evaluation on Extraction Conditions and HPLC Analysis Method for Bioactive Compounds of Astragali Radix (황기의 추출조건 및 유효성분의 HPLC 분석법 평가)

  • Kim, Geum Soog;Lee, Dae Young;Lee, Seung Eun;Noh, Hyung Jun;Choi, Je Hun;Park, Chun Geun;Choi, Soo Im;Hong, Seung Jae;Kim, Seung Yu
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.486-492
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    • 2013
  • This study has been conducted to establish the optimal extraction process and HPLC analysis method for the determination of marker compounds as a part of the materials standardization for the development of health functional food materials from Astragali radix. Five extraction conditions including the shaking extraction at room temperature and the reflux extraction at 85C with 30%, 50% and 95% ethanol were evaluated. Reflux extraction with 50% ethanol showed the highest extraction yield as 27.27±2.27, while the extraction under reflux with 95% ethanol showed significantly the lowest yield of 10.55±0.24. The quantitative determination methods of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin as marker compounds of Astragali radix extracts were optimized by HPLC analysis using a Thermo Hypersil column (4.6×250mm, 5μm) with the gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.8mLmin1 and a detection wavelength of 230nm. The HPLC/UV method was applied successfully to the quantification of two marker compounds in Astragali radix extracts after validation of the method with the linearity, accuracy and precision. The contents of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin in 50% ethanol extracts by reflux extraction were significantly higher as 1,700.3±30.4 and 443.6±8.4μg1, respectively, comparing with those in other extracts. The results indicate that the reflux extraction with 50% ethanol at 85C is optimal for the extraction of Astragali radix, and the established HPLC method are very useful for the evaluation of marker compounds in Astragali radix extracts to develop the health functional material from Astragali radix.

A Hole Self-Organization Real-Time Routing Protocol for Irregular Wireless Sensor Networks (비정형적인 무선 센서 네트워크에서 음영지역 자가 구성 실시간 라우팅 프로토콜)

  • Kim, Sangdae;Kim, Cheonyong;Cho, Hyunchong;Yim, Yongbin;Kim, Sang-Ha
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.39B no.5
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    • pp.281-290
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    • 2014
  • The real-time data dissemination schemes exploit the spatiotemporal commuication approach which forwards data at the delivery speed calculated with the desired time deadline and the end-to-end distance in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In practical environments, however, the performance of the real-time data dissemination might be degraded by additional and inevitable delay due to some holes. Namely, the holes lengthen the data delivery path and the spatiotemporal approach could not estimate a distance of the data delivery path. To deal with this, we propose A Hole Self-Organization Real-time Routing Protocol for Irregular Wireless Sensor Networks. In proposed protocol, nodes around holes could detect them at deploying phase. A hole is represented as a circle with center point and radius. This hole information is processed and provided as a form of location service. When a source queries a destination location, location provider replies certain points for avoiding holes as well as destination location. Thus, the source could set desired speed toward the destination via the points. Performance evaluation shows that provides better real-time service in practical environments.

Establishment of analytical method of methiozolin and dissipation in golf course's green (Methiozolin의 분석법 개발 및 골프장 그린에서의 잔류소실특성)

  • Jo, Hyeong-Wook;Hwang, Kyu-won;Hwang, Ki-Hwan;Moon, Joon-Kwan
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.59 no.4
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    • pp.331-336
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    • 2016
  • Analytical methods for methiozolin in soil, water and turfgrass were established and dissipation patterns of methiozolin in soil and turfgrass were elucidated. Analysis was done using a high performance liquid chromatography with an ultra violet detector at the wavelength of 280 nm after extraction with acetone, liquid-liquid partition with dichloromethane, and a solid phase extraction purification. Limit of determination and Limit of quantitation were 1.0, 0.5, 1.0 ng, and 0.001, 0.1, 0.01 mg/kg for water, turfgrass, and soil, respectively. Recovery rates of methiozolin from soil, water, and turfgrass were ranged 87.5~111.3, 92.8~97.4, and 78.2~98.5 %, respectively. The turfgrass and soil samples were collected at 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 30, 45, and 60 after spray on green area in golf course. Residues of methiozlolin were not translocated to lower soil layer but detected only in turfgrasses and root area of turfgrass. Half-lives of methiozolin in turfgrass were 10.7 days and 8.8 days in soil from root area.

Relationship between Characteristics of Lengthy Hospital Stay Patients, Knowledge of Transfer Needs and Their Willingness to Transfer - Strategies for the Effective Transfer of Lengthy Hospital Stay Patients - (장기재원환자의 특성 및 전원 인지도와 전원 의향과의 관계 - 장기재원환자의 효율적 전원을 위한 전략 제시 -)

  • Kang, Eun Sook;Tark, Kwan-Chul;Lee, Taewha;Kim, In Sook
    • Quality Improvement in Health Care
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.116-133
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    • 2002
  • Background : It is very common in Korea to take care of non-acute patients in an acute setting, due to the lack of long-term facilities. Long term hospitalization increase medical expenses and decreases the bed utilization, which can affect the urgent and emergent admissions, and eventually jeopardize the hospital financially. In this study, strategies for effective transfers to the lower levels of care, and to decrease the length of stay were presented by surveying and analyzing the patient's knowledge of the transfer needs, and the willingness to transfer those whose hospital length of stay was more than 30days. Method : The survey is subject to a group of 251 patients who have been hospitalized over 30 days in a general hospital in Seoul. Excluding those that were in the Intensive Care Unit and psychiatric ward, 214 in-patients were used as participants. They were surveyed from April 9, 2002 to April 17, 2002. One hundred and thirty seven out of 214 were responded which made the response rate 64%. Data were analyzed by SAS and SPSS. Result : Multi-variable Logistic Regression Analysis showed a significant effect in medical expenses, knowledge of referral system and the information of the receiving hospital. The financial burden in medical expenses made the patient 10.7 times more willing to be transferred, knowledge of the referral system made them 5 times more willing to be transferred, and the information of receiving hospital makes 6.5 times more willing to be transferred. Reasons for willing to be transferred to a lower level of care were the phase of physical therapy, the distance from home, the attending physician's advice and being unable to be treated as an out patient. Reasons for refusing to be transferred were the following. The attending physician's competency, not being ready to be discharged, not trusting the receiving hospital's competency due to the lack of information, or never hearing about the referring system by the attending physician. Conclusion : Based on this, strategies for the effective transfer to the lower levels of care were suggested. It is desirable for the attending physician to be actively involved by making an effort to explain the transfer need, and referring to the Healthcare Coordinating Center, which can help the patient make the right decision. Nationwide networking for the referral system is the another key factor that may need to be suggested as an alternative to decrease the medical expenses. Collaborating with the Home Health Agency for the early discharge planning and the Social Service Department for financial aid are also needed. It is recommended that the hospital should expedite the transfer process by prioritizing the cost and the information as medical expenses, knowledge of referring system and the information of the receiving hospital, are the most important factors to the willingness to transfer to a lower level of care.

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Structure and Contractile Activity of the Bowfin- and Shark-neuropeptide γ (Bowfin-과 Shark-neuropeptide γ의 구조 및 수축효과)

  • KIM Eun Jung;SEO Jung-Kil;KIM Chan-Hee;GO Hye-Jin;HUH Min-Do;MOON Jung-Hye;PARK Jang-Su;PARK Nam Gyu
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.232-237
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    • 1999
  • The relationship between structure and contractile activity was studied on the three neuropeptide γ (mammalian-, bowfin-, shark-NPγ) that were synthesized by the solid-phase method. Circular dichroism spectra showed that mammalian-, bowfin- and shark-neuropeptide γ took an unordered structure in buffer solution and artificial liposome. The intestinal motility response was investigated with guinea-pig ileum, rat duodenum and carp intestine. In case of carp intestine, contractile activity was as follows; bowfin-NPγ> shark-NPγ>mammalian-NPγ, On the other hand, the contractile activity of mammalian-neuropeptide γ was more potent than those of bowfin-, shark-neuropeptide γ in the guinea-pig ileum and rat duodenum. These results suggest that NPγ show the species-specific activity.

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Harvesting Cost of Tree-length Thinning in a Larix leptolepis Stands (낙엽송 간벌작업에서 전간수확시스템의 작업비용 분석)

  • Cho, Koo-Hyun;Cho, Min-Jae;Han, Han-Sup;Han, Sang-Kyun;Cha, Du-Song
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.104 no.2
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of study was to broaden our knowledge on the productivity and cost of thinning operations which has become increasingly practiced in Korea. The thinning operations were conducted in a 40-year old larch (Larix leptolepis) stand, including chainsaw felling and processing at the stump, followed by yarding tree-length logs using a Koller K301-4 tower yarder. The logs were further processed and sorted into 1.8 m and 3.6 m log piles at the landing. We used a standard time study method to evaluate key variables that affect the productivity of thinning operations. The total stump-to-pile operational cost was 41,707won/m3. The highest cost activity was the yarding phase which cost 20,083won/m3 (48.2% of the total cost), followed by the costs of processing treelength materials into marketable log lengths (12,143won/m3; 29.1%), and then by the costs of sorting/piling the processed logs (5,039won/m3; 12.1%). It was interesting to see that felling and processing trees at the stump had low costs at 1,315won/m3 (3.2%) and 3,127won/m3 (7.5%), respectively. We used the detailed time study data to develop regression equations which were to predict yarding productivity. Our analysis showed that harvesting system cost was highly sensitive to the number of logs, yarding distance and lateral distance per turn, respectively.

APPLYING ENTERPRISE GIS TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT KANGWON PROVINCE

  • Yoon, Hoon-Joo;Ryu, Joong-Hi;Kim, Jung-Dai;Park, Hong-Gi
    • Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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    • v.9 no.2 s.18
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    • pp.29-36
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this paper is to describe the Disaster Management System Development of Enterprise GIS at the Kangwon Province in Korea. This project is included into 'the Kangwon Enterprise GIS 21 plan'. The Division of Disaster Management is in the middle of the 2-year project of the Disaster Management System development, appropriate for business performed at the Departments of Forestry, Culture, Environment, Tourism, etc. At the 1st phase of CIS implementation, for more than half a year we focused on the necessity of management of disasters. In the planning process, we needed long-term information on the whole area of Kangwon. In the assessment and response processes, we needed real-time data from Korean Meteorological Administration and other agencies. All the above information was carefully studied and referred to. ESRI's new GIS technologies solve the natural hazard/disaster problems. For example, hazardous materials routing often needs to be found the least expensive path through a roadway network. In the circumstances given, we can choose the departure point and destination of the vehicle, which carries the materials. It's also possible to minimize overall risk and costs of disaster problems by making a plan of people and possessions evacuation from the disaster area in short time limits. We can meet all the above goals using the latest ESRI's technologies.

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Epicenter Estimation Using Real-Time Event Packet of Quanterra digitizer (Quanterra 기록계의 실시간 이벤트 패킷을 이용한 진앙 추정)

  • Lim, In-Seub;Sheen, Dong-Hoon;Shin, Jin-Soo;Jung, Soon-Key
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.316-327
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    • 2009
  • A standard for national seismological observatory was proposed on 1999. Since then, Quanterra digitizer has been installed and is operating on almost all of seismic stations which belong to major seismic monitoring organizations. Quanterra digitizer produce and transmit real-time event packet and data packet. Characteristics of event packet and arrival time of each channel's data packet on data center were investigated. Packet selection criteria using signal to noise ratio (hereafter SNR) and signal period from real-time event packet based on 100 samples per second (hereafter sps) velocity data were developed. Estimation of epicenter using time information of the selected event packet were performed and tested. A series of experiment show that event packets were received approximately 3~4 second earlier than data packets and the number of event packet was only 0.3% compare to data packets. Just about 5% against all of event packets were selected as event packet were related P wave of real earthquake. Using the selected event packets we can estimate an epicenter with misfit less than 10 km within 20 sec for local earthquake over magnitude 2.5.

Discrimination of Panax ginseng Roots Cultivated in Different Areas in Korea Using HPLC-ELSD and Principal Component Analysis

  • Lee, Dae-Young;Cho, Jin-Gyeong;Lee, Min-Kyung;Lee, Jae-Woong;Lee, Youn-Hyung;Yang, Deok-Chun;Baek, Nam-In
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 2011
  • In order to distinguish the cultivation area of Panax ginseng, principal component analysis (PCA) using quantitative and qualitative data acquired from HPLC was carried out. A new HPLC method coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, namely Rh1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc, and Rb1 in the root of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer. Simultaneous separations of these ten ginsenosides were achieved on a carbohydrate analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-isopropanol, and acetonitrile-water-isopropanol using a gradient elution. Distinct differences in qualitative and quantitative characteristics for ginsenosides were found between the ginseng roots produced in two different Korean cultivation areas, Ganghwa and Punggi. The ginsenoside profiles obtained via HPLC analysis were subjected to PCA. PCA score plots using two principal components (PCs) showed good separation for the ginseng roots cultivated in Ganghwa and Punggi. PC1 influenced the separation, capturing 43.6% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, explaining 18.0% of the variance. The highest contribution components were ginsenoside Rg3 for PC1 and ginsenoside Rf for PC2. Particularly, the PCA score plot for the small ginseng roots of six-year old, each of which was light than 147 g fresh weight, showed more distinct discrimination. PC1 influenced the separation between different sample sets, capturing 51.8% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, also explaining 28.0% of the variance. The highest contribution component was ginsenoside Rf for PC1 and ginsenoside Rg2 for PC2. In conclusion, the HPLC-ELSD method using a carbohydrate column allowed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, and PCA analysis of the ginsenoside peaks shown on the HPLC chromatogram would be a very acceptable strategy for discrimination of the cultivation area of ginseng roots.

Extensive Hepatic Uptake of Pz-peptide, a Hydrophilic Proline-Containing Pentapeptide, into Isolated Hepatocytes Compared with Colonocytes and Caco-2 Cells

  • Shin, Tae-Ha;Lee, Pung-Sok;Kwon, Oh-Seung;Chung, Youn-Bok
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.70-75
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    • 2003
  • The objective of the present study was to investigate the uptake process of 4-Phenylazobenzoxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-peptide), a hydrophilic and collagenase-labile pentapeptide, by isolated hepatocytes. For comparison, the uptake of Pz-peptide by Caco-2 cells and colonic cells, two known paracellular routes of Pz-peptide, was also evaluated. A simple and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC assay method using UV detection has been developed. The coefficient of variation for all the criteria of validation were less than 15%. The method was, therefore, considered to be sutable for measuring the concentration of Pz-peptide in the biological cells. Pz-peptide was extensively uptaked into hepatocytes. The initial velocity of Pz-peptide uptake assessed from the initial slope of the curve was plotted as Eadie-Hofstee plots. The maximum velocity (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) were 0.190±0.020 nmol/min/106 cells and 12.1±3.23 μM, respectively. The permeability-surface area product (PSinflux) was calculated to be 0.0157 ml/min/10^6$ cells. Vmax and Km values for Caco-2 cells were calculated to be 6.22±0.930 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 82.8±8.37 μM, respectively, being comparable with those of colonocytes (6.04±1.03 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 87.8±13.2 μM, respectively). PSinflux values for Caco-2 cells and colonocytes were calculated to be 0.0751 μl/min/10^6$ cells and 0.0688 μl/min/10^6$ cells, respectively. The more pronounced uptake of Pz-peptide by hepatocytes, when compared with Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, is probably due to its specific transporter. In conclusion, Pz-peptide, a paracellularly transported pentapeptide in the intestine and ocular epithelia, was uptaked into hepatocytes extensively. Although Pz-peptide is able to be uptaked into the Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, it is less pronounced when compared with hepatocytes. PSinflux values of Caco-2 cells and colonocytes for unbound Pz-peptide under linear conditions were less than 0.4% when compared with that of hepatocytes.