• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 1998

Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent which inhibits the biosynthesis of fungal cellmembrane ergosterol and has immunosuppressive properties in vitro. Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (PMC) has been utilized for antioxidative action and for liver-protective purposes. Studies were undertaken to investigate effects of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (PMC) on the immunosuppression of ketoconazole in ICR mice. In the combination of PMC and ketoconazole, as compared with the treatment of ketoconazole alone, there were significant increases in activities of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes along with circulation leukocytes. The elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (S-GPT) and total protein levels caused by ketoconazole were reduced by the combination of PMC and ketoconazole. In addition, lower serum albumin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were also increased to normal level.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1985

Polysaccharide fractions were prepared from Forsythia Corea by several different extraction schedules. The fractions obtained were designated as ForCo A, ForCo B and ForCo C respectively. ForCo C was further purified through Sephadex G 200 column chromatography and obtianed two subfractions (Coreana A, Coreana B). ForCo showed marked antitumor activity against sarooma 180 and its activity was dose-dependent. Coreana A, purified from ForCo C, showed somewhat higher antitumor activity. ForCo C increased the number of circulating leucocytes and peritoneal exudate cells, but didn't show any significant effects on the phagocytic activity and total serum protein level. Chemical analysis showed that ForCo C was composed of glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose. A close relationship between antitumor activities and polysaccharide contents waw observed. These results indicate strongly that antitumor active principle of Forsythia Corea is polysaccharide.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.412-415
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• 2011

Hypocrellin A has gained much attention in recent years due to its light-induced antitumor, antifungal and antiviral activities. Here we report that hypocrellin A exerts immunomodulatory effects on MHC-restricted presentation of antigen. Hypocrellin A inhibited class II-MHC restricted presentation of exogenous antigen, but not class I MHC-restricted presentation of exogenous antigen, in dendritic cells. Hypocrellin A also inhibited the cytosolic pathway of endogenous antigen presentation. However, hypocrellin A did not inhibit the expression of class I and class II MHC molecules on dendritic cells (DCs), the phagocytic activity of DCs, or the $H-2K^b$-restricted presentation of a synthetic peptide, SIINFEKL. These results show that hypocrellin A differentially modulates the MHC-restricted antigen presentation pathways.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 1999

The effect of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (PMC) on the cellular and nonspecific immunosuppressions by ketoconazole (KCZ) was investigated in ICR mice. PMC at a dose of 6 mg/kg was administered orally to mice daily for 14 consecutive days. KCZ was suspended in RPMI 1640 medium and orally administered at 160 mg/kg/day 2 hrs after the administration of PMC. Immune responses of the delayed-type hypersensitively (DTH) reaction to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), phagocytic activity and natural killer (NK) cell activity were evaluated. DTH reaction to SRBC was enhanced to normal level by the combination of PMC and KCZ, as compared with treatment of KCZ alone. In the combination of PMC and KCZ, as compared with treatment of KCZ alone, there were also significant increases in activities of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes along with circulating leukocytes. These findings indicate that PMC shows a significant restoration from the immunotoixc status induced by KCZ.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1995

The effect of different fatty acids supplementation on antobody production of Salmonella typhi was studied in ICR mice. Subjects supplemented their diets with $50\mu$g of extracted pig oil(as a saturated fatty acid) and fish oil (as a unsaturated fatty acid) / 2 days for 8 weeks. Blood was collected control and experimental groups of mice after 8 weeks of oil supplementation. The different fatty acids supplementation reduced unsaturated fatty acids composition in mice liver such as $C_{18:3}, \; C_{20:3}\; and\; C_{20:4}\; except\; C_{18:1}\; and\; C_{18:2}/C_{18:0}$ in fish oil and pig oil groups compared to control group. Also, the phagocytic activities of mice macrophages for Candida albicans was reduced by 6% in pig oil group and 9％ in fish oil group than control group. The antigen-stmulated lympocite proliferative response was significantly increased by fatty acid in pig oil group(48％) but 57％ in fish oil group. The different fatty acid supplementation increased antibody production in both experimental groups than control group ; this increase was only significant in pig oil group(1:$2^4$) on mice but not in fish oil group(1:$2^0$) compared to control group(1:$2^0$), however, increased antibody titer in both groups in vitro spleen cell culture supernatant(1:$2^3$ in fish oil group and 1:$2^2$ in pig oil group compared to control group 1:$2^0$). Thus, fish oil supplementation was immunosuppresive agent in macrophage phagocytosis, in-vivo antobody producibilities and lympocyte proliferation but pig oil supplementation was more effective than fish oil in antibody formation in-vivo. We find that antibody producibilities affected by fed on different fatty acids were considered by balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, and $C_{20:3}/C_{20:4}$ ratio. Also, it affected to antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage phagocytic activities.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2014

Propolis is a beehive product with a very complex chemical composition, widely used in folk medicine because of its several therapeutic activities. This study was conducted to measure the efficacy of propolis on non-specific defense reactions, specific immune response, and protection levels against pathogen challenge with Streptococcus iniae. in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the phagocytic activity and NBT assay of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were evaluated in a various propolis extractsconcentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 150, 250 and $500{\mu}g/ml$). The optimal concentration showing activation of propolis extracts was determined to $100{\mu}g/ml$. In vivo, they were divided into four groups (PBS, propoli extractss, vaccine, propolis extracts + vaccine) in vivo. Fish were received i.p. injection of either PBS or propolis extracts, and in the presence or absence of formalin inactivated S. iniae ($1{\times}10^8$ CFU/fish), respectively. The level of haematocrit is not affected among experimental groups. The phagocytic activity and the NBT reduction activities of head kidney phagocyte were markedly (p<0.05)augmented in the propolis extracts groups than in the PBS-control group, respectively. The level of serum lysozyme activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the propolis extracts treated groups than in the PBS-control group. The agglutinin titer was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced in the vaccine+propolis extracts group than in the vaccine group, but there was no difference between PBS-control and propolis treated group. The results of the present study suggest that propolis extracts seems to be a promising compounds of non-specific immune stimulator, also being able to use a good adjuvant.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1993

To study the immune responses of the japanese eel. Anguilla japonica, fish were injected intraperitoneally with several types of Edwardsiella tarda antigen, i. e., FKC(formalin killed cells), HKC(heat killed cells) or LPS(lipopolysaccharide), and the changes of immunocytes numbers, phagocytosis and agglutination titre in the peripheral blood of the fish were investigated. The number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of eels were decreased until 6 hours after injection, and then were turn to normal levels after 24 hours of injection. However, the level were slightly increased and were remained after 24 hours. The number of neutrophils of FKC, HKC or LPS injected fish were the highest at 12 hours after injection and were decreased slowly after that. Three weeks after the injections, the agglutination of antibody titre of all immunized groups were reached at 128 and were remained this level thereafter. However 6 weeks after the injections, that in HKC injected fish were dropped the level up to 4. Fish were injected with LPS and the blood from the fish were bled after 12 hours. Then the blood were incubated with E. tarda. Six hours after incubation, the phagocytic index was reached the highest level, 28.3. One week after the LPS injection, the blood were again bled and incubated with E. tarda. The phagocytic index at this time was 3.9. The phagocytic indexes of the fish injected with FKC and HKC, treted as same LPS injected fish as above, were 18.8 and 10.7, respectively. The phagocytic index of the control fish was 1.2. The antibacterial activities of normal antiserum against E. tarda were shown for both FKC and LPS injected fish, but not for HKC injected fish. The RPS(relative percentage of survival) of HKC, FKC and LPS injected fish in the challenge test were 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. These results suggest that the effect of protection of the eel which were injected with antigen were varied with the method of preparation of the antigen.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2013

20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2H-PPD) is a derivative of protopanaxadiol, a glycone of ginsenosides prepared from Panax ginseng. Although ginsenosides and acidic polysaccharides are known to be major active ingredients in ginseng, the immunopharmacological activities of their metabolites and derivatives have not been fully explored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory action of 2H-PPD on the function of monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. 2H-PPD was able to boost the phagocytic uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in macrophages and enhance the generation of radicals (reactive oxygen species) in sodium nitroprusside-treated RAW264.7 cells. The surface levels of the costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 were also increased during 2H-PPD treatment. In addition, this compound boosted U937 cell-cell aggregation induced by CD29 and CD43 antibodies, but not by cell-extracellular matrix (fibronectin) adhesion. Similarly, the surface levels of CD29 and CD43 were increased by 2H-PPD exposure. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that 2H-PPD has the pharmacological capability to upregulate the functional role of macrophages/monocytes in innate immunity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Di-D-fructose-2,6':6,2'-dianhydride (DFA-IV) is a disaccharide consisting of two fructose residues that are prepared from levan by levan fructotransferase. Levan is a homopolysaccharide composed of D-fructofuranosyl residues joined by $\beta$-(2,6) and $\beta$-(2,1) linkages. We compared the immunomodulatory effects of levan with DFA-IV. Tumoricidal activity, phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production were examined in levan- and DFA-IV-treated RAW264.7 cells. The NO production, tumoricidal and phagocytic activities were significantly increased in both treated cells. The results indicate that levan has significantly greater effects on tumoricidal activity than DFA-IV at low concentrations (1 ${\mu}g/mL$) and its effect on NO production shows a similar pattern. These results suggest that tumoricidal activity induced by both samples is mediated by NO production.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1219-1225
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• 2007

Immunological activities of Ginseng Radix water extract (GE) were compared with theirs of Insamhodo-tang water extract (IHT). GE and IHT (500 mg/kg) were administered p.o. twice a day for 5 days to C57BL/6 mice, respectively. IHT decreased the cell viability of murine thymocytes and splenocytes, but increased the population of $CD4^+$ cells in thymocytes, and the population of $Thy1^+$ cells and $CD4^+$ cells in splenocytes in contrast to GE. In addition, IHT decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages, but increased the production of nitric oxide from peritoneal macrophages in contrast to GE. These results suggest that IHT decrease a specific- and nonspecific immune reaction in comparison with GE.