• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.489-495
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• 2023

In this study, we detected the presence of residual pesticides in 341 agricultural products collected from local food outlets in western Gyeonggi Province. Residual pesticides were detected in 105 (30.8%) samples. Six samples exceeded the legal limits for residual pesticides, resulting in a non-compliance rate of 1.8%, which was slightly higher than the average non-compliance rate of 1.4% in the last three years. Among the tested agricultural products, only fruits and vegetables were found to have pesticide residues, with 24 of 34 fruits (a detection rate of 70.6%) and 81 of 277 vegetables (a detection rate of 29.2%) testing positive. In total, 59 types of pesticides, including acetamiprid, which was detected 208 times, were detected and had a detection range of 0.01-2.38 mg/kg. Among the 105 agricultural products containing pesticide residues, a single pesticide was detected in 62 samples (59%) and two or more pesticides were detected in 43 samples (41%). In particular, 14 pesticides were detected in the same sample of peaches; dinotefuran was detected 21 times. Upon examining the toxicity of the detected pesticides, Class III pesticides (moderate toxicity) were detected 44 times (21.2%) and Class IV pesticides (low toxicity) were detected 164 times (78.8%). Class I, II, and III pesticides with fish toxicity were detected 68 (32.7%), 14 (6.7%), and 126 times (60.6%), respectively. Upon examining the exposure to high-frequency pesticide components detected five or more times, the hazard index was found to be ≤2.8%. Accordingly, the hazard of residual pesticides based on dietary intake was deemed insignificant.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2013

Burkholderia pyrrocinia CAB08106-4 has an anti-bacterial effect on Garlic White Rot caused by Sclereotium cepivorum and Sclereotium sp.. It is an environmentally friendly microbial product that prevents and controls a variety of phytopathogens involving Garlic White Rot caused by Sclereotium cepivorum and Sclereotium sp.. The aim of this study was to assess and to compare the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pyrrocinia CAB08106-4 by single exposure of rats through several routes such as oral, intranasal and intravenous. For the acute toxicity / pathogenicity study, the animals were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, and macroscopically observed their organs to examine the numbers of internally-retained pesticidal microbes. Clinical examinations were performed daily during administration period, and body weight gain was evaluated. In the study, no clinical sign, weight gain and mortality were observed in relation to the administration of test article. The significant changes of internal/external microbes by test article were not detected. The pathological findings in relation to the administration of the test article in the necropsy were not observed. It could be concluded that the microorganism was not toxic or pathogenic in rats via oral, intranasal and intravenous route.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2005

The herbicide molinate has been detected with high frequency in the main river during the growing season in Korea. To elucidate the exposure of molinate in agricultural environment, the persistence and the degradation characteristics of molinate were investigated in paddy ecosystems. The half-lives of molinate were 4.1 days with soil aquatic system, and 4.2 days in only aquatic system. Initial dissipation rate of molinate in water was greater with soil aquatic system than that of only aquatic system. Photolysis of molinate was occurred about 31.0% of molinate treated in pure water, when irradiated at 5,530 $J/cm^2$ by the xenon lamp, but its hydrolysis was stable. For the accelerated photolysis of molinate in aqueous solution, several photosensitizers were screened, showing that the hydroperoxide($H_2O_2$) and acetone were prominent among the chemical tested. When hydroperoxide and zinkoxide(ZnO) were used as photosensitizer, their photolysis were accelerated greater than 98% and 58% in aqueous solution, respectively. Elution rate of molinate as granular formulations in aqueous system was more than 90% in 30 hour at $35^{\circ}C$. Molinate concentration pattern in paddy water was rapidly decrease from treatment till 7 days in paddy rice field and its half-lives were 3.7 days($Y=1.9258{\times}e^{-0.1865X}$(r=-0.9402)).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2011

The investigation of 218 residual pesticides for 19 types of tea (persimmon leaf tea, chrysanthemum tea, green tea, lavender tea, rosemary tea, dandelion leaf tea, puer tea, mulberry leaf tea, hydrangea leaf tea, jasmine tea, nuomixiang tea, buckwheat tea, mugwort tea, lotus leaf tea, oolong tea, longjing tea, rose tea, tiehkwanyin tea and huoguo tea) obtained from markets in Ansan and Suwon was carried out to assess the risk for residual pesticides in tea. The detection rate was 23.1 % (19 samples of total 65 tea samples) and the detected pesticides were 15 pesticides, such as bifenthrin, bromopropylate, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, endosulfan, fenpropathrin, fludioxonil, fenvalerate, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, tetradifon and triazophos. The range of concentrations for the detected residual pesticides was 0.01 to 1.24 mg/kg which showed below their maximum residue limits (MRL), but the residual concentration of bifenthrin in a puer tea showed above the legal limit of 0.3 mg/kg. The result of risk assessment of residual pesticides for the detected 15 samples showed that EDI (estimated daily intake) of the pesticides detected ranged 0.0001~0.0844% of their ADI (acceptable daily intake).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2011

Risk assessments of pesticides detected in six major rivers during peak season were estimated for algae, Daphnia, and fish using hazard quotient (HQ) indexes. The eight pesticides (isoprothiolane, hexaconazole, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, alachlor, butachlor, molinate) were detected within the range of 0.027~12.871 ${\mu}g/L$. Detection frequency of isoprothiolate was estimated to be high at 67.5%, and those of the others varied from 15.0 to 37.5%, Hazard Quotients (HQ) indexes varied by freshwater organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish). Overall, the ecological risk probability due to exposure of pesticides detected in major rivers did not reveal based on HQ indexes below 1.0. Particularly, butachlor and molinate for algae, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, prothiofos for Daphnia, and chlorpyrifos for fish acted as dominant contributors in increasing the ecological risk in six major rivers. This implied that integrated ecological risk assessment is required using various biological species, reflecting toxicity sensitivity. This study may provide the essential data in establishing the priority for pesticides management in major rivers, Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1111-1117
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• 2014

Golestan province has a reputation for relatively high incidence rates of gastric cancer in Iran. Along with dietary, lifestyle and environmental influential factors, soil selenium and high levels of pesticide used may exert influence in this region. The present study was designed for modeling the influential predictors on incidence of gastric cancer in Golestan. All registered cases of gastric cancer from March 2009 to March 2010 (49 females and 107 males) were investigated. Data were gathered by both check list and researcher made questionnaire (demographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics) and analysed using logistic regression. Mean (${\pm}SD$) age at diagnosis was $62.9{\pm}13.8$ years. CIR and ASR of gastric cancer showed 9.16 and 13.9 per 100,000 people, respectively. Based on univariate logistic regression, a history of smoking (OR= 2.076), unwashed hands after defecation (OR= 2.612), history of cancer in relatives (OR= 2.473), history of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives (OR= 2.278), numbers of gastric cancers in first-degree relatives (OR= 2.078), history of X-ray and dye exposure (OR= 2.395), history of CT scan encounter (OR= 2.915), improper food habits (OR= 3.320), specific eating behavior (OR= 0.740), consumption of probable high risk foods (OR= 2.942), charred flesh (OR= 1.945), and animal fat (OR= 2.716) were confirmed as a risk factors. Changes in lifestyle may be expected to increase gastric cancer incidence dramatically in the near future. Therefore, appropriate educational interventions should be designed and implemented by competent authorities.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2001

The skin penetration rate of methidathion in vitro and pharmacokinetics of methidathion in vivo were studied with male Sprague-Dawley rats by dermal treatment. The in vitro skin penetration rates for Sprague-Dawley rats of methidathion technical (50 mg, 100 ${mu}ell$) and emulsifable concentrate (EC,40mg, 100${mu}ell$) were determined as 18.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/c $m^2$/h (RSD : 6.5) and 18.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/c $m^2$/h (RSD : 3.2), respectively. Dose-related systemic exposure (AUC) was observed in rats after dermal treatment. The corresponding AUC, $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, and $T_{1}$2/ of methidathion in plasma were 1.5$\mu\textrm{g}$.hr/ml, 6 h, 0.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 16 h, for 116mg/kg doses, 3.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$. hr/ml, 8 h, 0.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 23 h, for 232 mg/kg doses and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$. hr/ml, 12 h, 0.32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 20 h, for 1,160 mg/kg doses respectively. The urinary excretion of methidathion, estimated wing an equation derived from the in vitro skin penetration study was 0.24~0.35% of the absorbed dose. The concentration of methidathion in kidney was higher than that in liver. Dose-dependent absorption and excretion of methidathion without saturation was observed under in vivo experimental condition.n.n.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1984

A freshwater fish carp(Cyprinus carpio) was exposed to two organophosphorus insecticides in laboratory to investigate the potential of its bioconcentration. The results are summarized as follows: Bioconcentration factor of diazinon and fenitrothion after 24-hour exposure at 1 ppm concentration was 31 and 57, respectively, for the whole fish. The factor varied among different tissues of the fish in the decreasing order of viscera>rests>gills>muscle. When the fish was exposed to fenitrothion for 28 days at three different concentrations of 6, 30 and 150 ppb, bioconcentration factor in the whole fish ranged from 96 to 138, with a decreasing tendency at higher water concentration. The pesticide was continuously absorbed by the fish, but reaching an equilibrium at the tissue concentration of about 3.5 ppm.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.694-700
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• 2001

Synthetic pyrethroids are analysis of a natural chemical moiety, pyrethrin derived from the pyrethrum plant Chrysanthemum. The natural pyrethrin structure has been modified to be highly lipophilic and photostable, creating an effective pesticide and resulting in an increased presence in the environment. Worldwide, they are commonly used insecticides against ticks, mites, mosquitoes, and as treatment for human head lice and scabies. Therefore, human exposure to their compounds in extensive. Several studies on the effects of pyrethroids on thyroid hormone regulation, estrogen and androgen function have been reported and yet little has been done try assess their potential hormonal activities. Among humans, a pyrethroid compound was suggested to be the causal agent for gynecomastia in a group of Haitian men. The reports suggest that some pyrethroid compounds are capable of disrupting endocrine function. Therefore, we examined estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of three pyrethroid insecticides, that is permethrin, allethrin and fenvalerate in human breast cancer cell and action mechanism mediated by the estrogen receptor. Fenvalerate showed weak estrogenic activity but aallethrin and permethrin showed no effect. In combination with high levels (10$^{-10}$ M, 10$^{-11}$ M) of 17$\beta$-estradiol and three synthetic pyrethroids inhibited cert proliferations in MCF7-BUS cell by 17$\beta$-estradiol. Whereas, fenvalerate increased cell proliferative activity at lower level of estradiol (10$^{-12}$ M, 10$^{-13}$ M). The relative affinities to the estrogen receptor were observed by allethrin and permethrin treatment, but not by fenvalerate. These results indicated that some of pyrethroid insecticides may modulate estrogen functions in human breast cancer cell. The action mechanisms of estrogen receptor mediated antiestrogenicity by allethrin and permethrin were postulated.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The healthy food trend has encouraged the consumption of natural products, including berries. This trend is expected to increase the strawberry consumption. There has been a concern about the exposure of pesticides approved for use on strawberry. In this study, the dissipation patterns of systemic and non-systemic pesticides were evaluated in strawberry under plastic-covered greenhouse conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were applied on strawberry in the critical GAP (Good Agricultural Practices). Strawberries were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after final application of the pesticides. The analyses of the residual pesticides were performed by HPLC-DAD with C18 column. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 0.04 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 88.1 ~ 103.3% and 79.0 ~ 110.2% for the spiked two levels (LOQ and 10LOQ), respectively. The biological half-lives of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph werer 7.5 and 8.9 days, respectively. The dissipation rates in strawberry were calculated by the statistics method at a 95% confidence level. The distribution showed that pesticides with low log Pow were indicated by the decreased dissipation rate and pesticides with similar log Pow and low solubility also showed the decreased dissipation rate. CONCLUSION: The residues of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph in strawberry at time 0 after the final application were below the established MRL in Korea. The dissipation behavior of systemic and non-systemic pesticides in strawberry is affected by their log Pow and water solubility values.