• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.249-259
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• 2022

This study investigated pesticide residues in 7,069 agricultural products distributed in the city of Incheon from 2019 to 2021. Ingestion of pesticides can cause serious carcinogenic, endocrine, neurological, and reproductive problems. Pesticide residues in the samples were analyzed using various multi-residue methods (GC-MS/MS, GC-ECD/NPD, LC-MS/MS, and HPLC-UVD) on the Korean Food Code. The violation rate of the samples exceeding the maximum residue level (MRL) of pesticide residues for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 was 1.0%, 1.4%, and 1.1%, respectively. Diazinon, flubendiamide, procymidone, fluxametamide, and fluquinconazole were the most frequently reported violative pesticide residues. Most commonly encountered agricultural products exceeding MRLs were coriander leaves, chamnamul, chwinamul, welsh onion, and crown daisy. Agricultural products and pesticides frequently exceeding MRLs should be continuously inspected for food safety. Continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products is indispensable to improve consumer safety by preventing the distribution of agricultural products exceeding MRLs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2013

A probabilistic exposure assessment was performed on the monitoring data of pesticides were assessed in agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do from 2006 to 2010. Chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, endosulfan, EPN, ethoprophos, fenitrothion, methidathion, phenthoate and tebupirimfos were assessed. For this assessment, we used Monte Carlo simulation software and the distribution of concentration and intake were assumed to lognormal distribution by inputting mean and standard deviation. The hazard index (HI, %ADI) of average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile based on a probabilistic method were usually lower than those by a deterministic one. For the whole population, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile showed 0.05~0.70% and 0.11~1.94%, respectively. When nondetects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 0.41~4.42% and 0.98~13.81%. For only consumers, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 1.24~10.16% and 3.72~33.81%, respectively. When non-detects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 3.43~18.26% and 9.45~54.99%, respectively. Methidathion had highest values when both of 0 and 0.005 were assigned to non-detecs data for consumers only. This study showed that agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do were safe because they had less than 100 of HI (%ADI) based on probabilistic exposure assessment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.218-229
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• 2015

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted in order to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On November 2012 the testing was carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which was expected to very low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with azoxystrobin, imidacloprid and methabenzthiazuron in a manner similar to prepare soil samples for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-samples were prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm of homogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soils treated as different levels, one of which was used to the assessment and another used to confirm. In addition, provided three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty eight institutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues. Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as the coefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individual pesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides. Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of azoxystrobin were 48, imidacloprid and methabenzthiazuron 46.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of the residual amount in the leafstalk (end) and the fore-end (upper) portion of lettuce leaves during cultivation period to 14 days, 12 times in total (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14 days) after spraying with boscalid and lufenuron. In the case of boscalid, the initial concentrations at 3 hours (0 day) of the leafstalk and the fore-end portion of lettuce leaves were 18.26 mg/kg and 84.97 mg/kg, respectively and the residual amounts were rapidly decreased to 0.31 mg/kg and 0.37 mg/kg at 14 days after chemical application. In the case of lufenuron, the initial concentrations at 3 hours (0 day) of the leafstalk and the fore-end portion of lettuce leaves were 0.91 mg/kg and 5.21 mg/kg, respectively and the residual amounts were rapidly decreased to 0.06 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg at 13 days after chemical application. The variations of the residual concentrations analyzing 12 times after spraying showed that the residual amounts of the leafstalk portion of lettuce leaves were less than its fore-end portion in boscalid and lufenuron. In additon, 9 kinds of pesticide including boscalid in 16 lettuce leaf (found to contain pesticide in 2013) showed that the residual amounts of the leafstalk portion of lettuce leaves were less than its fore-end portion as well.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-106
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• 2013

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted in order to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On October 2011 the testing was carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which is expected to very low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with chlorpyrifos, metolachlor and procymidone in a manner similar to prepare soil sample for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-samples were prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm of homogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soil treated as different levels, one of which was used to the assesment and another used to confirm. In addition, provide three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty seven institutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues. Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as the coefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individual pesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides. Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of chlorpyrifos and procymidone were 44, metolachlor 40.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2010

Six insecticides, monocrotophos (24%, Lq), milbemectin (1%, Ec), tebufenpyrad (10%, Ec), propargite (30%, Wp), dicofol (42%, Ec), and fenpropathrin (5%, Ec) were studied for their $LC_{50}s$ to local two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) strains collected at apple orchards in Chungju, Kunwi and Sobo in Korea. Monocrotophos and fenpropathrin were not effective due to resistance development, but milbemectin, tebufenpyrad, dicofol and propargite were effective to TSSM. $LC_{50}$ values to TSSM strains showed the same distribution pattern among apple orchards. However, TSSMs from different apple orchard were clustered into different groups.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.293-304
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• 2006

Sea water samples collected in August, 1994 from 20 stations in the Kwangyang Bay were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) to investigate persistence and distribution pattern of four organophosphorus pesticides (DDVP, Diazinon, IBP, EDDP). Except for IBP, the contamination by DDVP, Diazinon, and EDDP in marine aquatic environment in Korea has not been reported previously. In this study, however, all these four pesticides were detected in all stations (except DDVP) and their concentrations were in ng/L level. The concentrations ranged from detection limit to 15.3ng/L for DDVP, 1.8-27.7ng/L for Diazinon, 7.3-63.5ng/L for IBP, and 22.2-1100.1ng/L for EDDP. It is noteworthy that the measured concentrations of IBP and EDDP in this study would be much lower than usual, since the use of IBP and EDDP was less than 50% of average annual consumption due to unusually dry and hot weather condition in the summer of 1994. It was very surprising to find that the highest concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were observed at stations near Daesa Streamlet instead of Seomjin River, which has more point source of the pesticides. This result suggests that the small river discharge during heavy ram period in summer can give harmful effect on marine biota (both wild and aqua-cultured) with its organophosphorus pesticide residue, despite of their short residence time in aquatic environment. In order to protect the marine life properly from acute toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticides, it needs to be emphasized that monitoring the level of agricultural pesticides in river run-off should be done during active consumption period rather at regular intervals.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1999

Insecticidal potentials of polar and non-polar tractions obtained from 84 medicinal plants were screened against five major agricultural insects. Based on the primary and secondary screening results, non-polar fraction of Atractylodes koreana Kitam. rhizomes was selected to isolate and identify an active compound effective to diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) larvae. Counter-current distribution separation on the non-polar fraction and TLC and spectroscopic analyses (GC-MS and $^{1}H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR) revealed that molecular formula of the active compound was $C_{15}H_{22}O$ known as a sesquiterpenoid 4,11-selinadien-3-one (${\alpha}$-cyperone). However, ${\alpha}$-cyperone was not detected in the non-polar fractions that showed high insecticidal potential against the diamondback moth. Although ${\alpha}$-cyperone has been first identified from Cyperus rotundus, the compound did not occur in C. rotundus cultivated in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-20
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• 1978

An experimental study was conducted to determine the quantity of contamination of organophosphrous pesticides accumulated in each human tissues. The samples used for this experiment were spleen, lung, heart, liver and kindney and those tissues were homogenized by a blender. The homogenized materials was extracted with mixed solvent, acetone/benzene (1:1) and cleaned up on a activated carbon column and determined by gas chromatography using AFID supported on 5% QF-1. The average recovery rate was 94% and the results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) The quantities of Malathin accumulated in each tissues were 0.53 ppm in spleen, 0.42 ppm in lung, 0.34 ppm in kidney, 0.19 ppm in heart and 0.19 ppm in liver. 2) Residues of pesticides in chronic or acute intoxicated tissues were highest in the spleen, decreasing in order of the lung, kidney, heart, and liver. 3) According to the above resuk we can conclude that the most proper material in detecting the pesticide is the spleen.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.7-15
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• 1994

Dietary life of Korean population was greatly improved by the increased food production, enlarged food processing and betterment of food distribution system during the last three decades. On the other hand, food pollution issues have arisen from the increased use of chemicals and advancements in analytical techniques and toxicological information. The health risk of hazardous substances in Korean diet was estimated to be in the decreasing order of heavy metals>pesticide residues>food additives>mycotoxins>radionuclides>PCBs whereas consumers do not recognize it in the same order. It is needed to evaluate the food safety more accurately based on scientific evidences and to adopt reasonable regulatory measures in Korea for the benefits of people's health and national interest.