• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.395-405
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• 2017

본 연구는 과학관련 사회쟁점(SSI)을 활용한 교육이 과학교과에서 가능한 인성교육의 하나의 방안이 될 수 있음에 근거하여 SSI 교육이 대학생의 인성과 가치관 함양에 미치는 영향을 탐색해보았다. 또한 시민으로서 갖추어야 할 인성이 개인적 성향을 나타내는 심리학적 구인과 관련 있음을 고려하여 개인-집단중심성향에 따른 SSI 교육효과의 차이를 비교해보았다. 본 연구는 SSI를 주제로 한 교양강의를 수강한 대학생 31명을 대상으로 하였으며, 수업은 학생들이 다섯 가지 주제에 대한 다양한 입장을 탐색한 후 자신의 의견을 표명하고 합리적인 대안을 마련하는 방식으로 이루어졌다. 개인주의-집단주의 검사지를 활용하여 성향이 뚜렷하게 구분되는 학생을 개인중심성향집단과 집단중심성향집단으로 구분하였으며, 수업 전후 과학과 관련된 인성 및 가치관 검사를 실시함으로써 SSI 교육이 인성과 가치관에 미치는 효과와 집단 간 인성과 가치관 향상의 차이를 탐색해보았다. 연구결과, 학생들은 전반적으로 SSI 수업 후 사회 도덕적 공감과 과학관련 사회쟁점에 대한 책무성이 유의하게 향상된 것으로 드러났다. 개인중심성향과 집단중심성향 두 집단 간 향상의 차이는 유의하지 않았으나, 집단중심성향은 개인중심성향에 비해 과학관련 사회쟁점에 대한 책무성의 사후 평균점수가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 본 연구결과는 인성과 가치관 함양을 가로막는 역할을 할 수 있는 개개인의 성향의 영향력을 넘어 교육을 통해 인성함양에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다는 데 의의가 있으며, 과학교과에서 활용할 수 있는 SSI를 통한 인성교육이 그 방안이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2022

The essence of the definition of "tolerance" is analyzed. Motivational, knowledge and behavioral criteria for tolerance of future teachers are highlighted. Indicators of the motivational criterion are the formation of value orientations, motivational orientation, and the development of empathy. Originality and productivity of thoughts and judgments, tact of dialogue, pedagogical ethics and tact are confirmed as indicators of the knowledge criterion. The behavioral criterion includes social activity as a life position, emotional and volitional endurance, and self-control of one's own position. The formation of tolerance is influenced by a number of factors: the social environment, the information society, existing stereotypes and ideas in society, the system of education and relationships between people, and the system of values. The main factors that contribute to the education of tolerance in future teachers are highlighted. Analyzing the structure of tolerance, it is necessary to distinguish the following functions of tolerance: - motivational (determines the composition and strength of motivation for social activity and behavior, promotes the development of life experience, because it allows the individual to accept other points of view and vision of the solution; - informational (understanding the situation, the personality of another person); - regulatory (tolerance has a close connection with the strong - willed qualities of a person: endurance, selfcontrol, self-regulation, which were formed in the process of Education); - adaptive (allows the individual to develop in the process of joint activity a positive, emotional, stable attitude to the activity itself, which the individual carries out, to the object and subject of joint relations). The implementation of pedagogical functions in the information society: educational, organizational, predictive, informational, communicative, controlling, etc. provides grounds to consider pedagogical tolerance as an integrative personal quality of a representative of any profession in the field of "person-person". The positions that should become conditions for the formation of tolerance of the future teacher in the information society are listed.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.133-148
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• 2006

청소년들이 보다 만족할 수 있는 교복에 관한 자료를 얻고자 경기도 안양시 소재 중 고등학교 남녀 472명을 대상으로 의복행동, 교복만족도 그리고 교복변형행동을 설문 조사하였으며 SPSS/WIN (ver.11.0) program으로 통계 처리한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 청소년들은 용돈의 대부분을 의복구입비로 사용하고 있으며 외모관심도, 동조성, 개성, 상표지향성에 대한 의복행동이 높았다. 청소년의 교복만족도는 낮으며. 특히 교복의 신분상징성, 유행성, 세탁관리성, 신체적 안락감, 경제성에 대한 만족도가 낮았다. 청소년의 약 74.8%가 개성과 유행추구를 이유로 교복변형을 찬성하였고 약 58.1%가 교복의 일부 혹은 여러부분을 변형하였으며 교복을 부위별로 줄여서 몸에 밀착된 형태로 변형시키는 경향이 나타났다. 외모관심도, 동조성, 정숙성, 상표지향성에 대한 의복행동이 높은 청소년일수록 교복의 신분상징성, 세탁관리성 둥에 대한 만족도가 높았다. 외모관심도, 유행, 상표지향성에 대한 의복행동이 높을수록 교복변형행동에 영향을 미쳤으나 교복만족도와 교복변형행동과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 앞으로 교복 연구는 외모, 개성, 유행 등의 의복행동을 표현하려는 청소년들의 의복 욕구와 학생다운 이미지, 정숙성, 경제성을 추구하는 기성 세대 간의 요구를 절충할 수 있도록 지속적으로 수행되어야하며 그 결과는 청소년들의 교복 선택과 결정에 실질적으로 반영되며 학교와 교복제작업체는 이를 반영한 교복디자인과 제작을 시행해야 한다고 제언한다.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.509-541
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• 2014

21세기 지식 기반 사회가 추구하는 가치나 비전에 따른 과학 영재 교육의 새로운 방향으로서 핵심 역량 중심의 교육을 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 향후 핵심 역량 중심의 과학 영재 교육을 위한 선결 요건으로서 과학자의 핵심 역량 모델을 개발하고, 타당성을 검토하였다. 이를 위하여 논문, 도서, 신문 기사, 행동사건면접에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 설문 문항을 개발한 후 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 그리고 설문 조사 결과를 바탕으로, 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 5개의 역량군, 15개의 하위 역량으로 구성된 잠재적인 핵심 역량 모델을 구성할 수 있었고, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 탐색된 핵심 역량 모델의 신뢰도와 수렴타당도, 판별타당도 등을 확보할 수 있었다. 과학자의 핵심 역량 모델에서 '인지' 역량군은 '창의적 사고', '종합적 사고', '탐색적 사고', '분석적 사고', '개념적 사고'의 5개 하위 역량으로 구성되었다. '성취지향' 역량군은 '주도성', '준비 및 문제해결력', '전략적 영향력'의 3개 하위 역량으로 구성되었고, '과학적 태도' 역량군은 '유연한 사고와 태도', '연구 열정', '과학에 대한 견해'의 3개 하위 역량으로 구성되었다. '개인 효과성' 역량군은 '풍부한 경험과 체험', '글로벌 자세'의 2개 하위 역량으로 구성되었으며, 마지막으로, '네트워킹' 역량군은 '대인이해', '의사소통'의 2개 하위 역량으로 구성되었다. 이 연구 결과는 과학자의 핵심 역량 모델을 과학 영재 교육에 소개하고, 핵심 역량 중심의 과학 영재 교육을 위한 프로그램 개발이나 전략 마련 등을 위한 기초 자료를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.163-180
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• 1978

Much of a person's energy is spent in the effort of becoming a productive member of to-day's complex society. This activity may cause tension, and chronic unrelieved tension is an influential factor in blood pressure elevation. The problem of this study was to identify manifest needs and self-actualization of patients with essential hypertension, and to analyse and compare their manifest needs and selt-actualization with the selected general characteristics of We, sex, religion, occupation and level of education with a control group of patients with normal blood pressure readings. The purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing interventions toward reducing the impact of complex psycho-somatic factors on the anxiety of patients with essential hypertension. The instruments used included selected items from the Edwards (1959) Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as adapted by Hwang (1965) and from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (Shostrom 1964, 1974) adapted by Kim and Lee (1977) to measure manifest needs and self-actualization. The convenience sample was chosen from 149 persons who presented themselves for general physical examinations at Ewha University Medical Centre and 41 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension at three general hospitals in Seoul during June 1 and August 31, 1977. Forty-nine persons from the Ewha group with blood-pressure readings exceeding 150/90 were added to the experimental group. Data were analysed by the S.P.S.S. computer programme using t-test and tests for statistical significance. Statistically significant findings were as follows: A. Blood Pressure and Manifest Needs. 1. with the exception of Autonomy, patients with hypertension had significantly high scores on all variables Abasement, Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Emotionality, Exhibitionism and Sex. 2. When mean scores of normal persons were compared by age groups, normal persons had higher scores in the following order on Abasement (50's, 40's, 20's, 30's), Achievement (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's), Affiliation (50's, 40's, 30's, 20's), Dominance (50's, 40's, 40's, 20's) and Exhibitionism (30's, 50's, 40's, 20's). In each case, there was a significant difference between the first and last age group scores. 3. When the mean scores of normal persons were compared by sex, normal men had higher scores than women on Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex. Male patients had higher scores than female patients on Achievement, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, but female patients scored higher in Emotionality. 4. Normal persons had higher scores related to religion in the following order on Achievement (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hyper tensive patients had higher scores on. Exhibitionism (no religion, Christianity, Buddhism). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Achievement and Exhibitionism (unemployed, office workers, teachless, businessmen), Emotionality (office workers, unemployed, businessmen, teacher) and Sex (office workers, unemployed, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Achievement and Aggression (teachers, businessmen, office worker, unemployed), Dominance and Exhibitionism (businessmen, teacher, of ace workers, unemployed) and Sex (teachers, office worker, businessmen, unemployed). 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of edification in the following order on Abasement, Emotionality and Autonomy (secondary school graduation, university). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Abasement (no education, primary, university, secondary), Achievement (no education, secondary, university, primary) , Dominance (university, no education, secondary, primary), Exhibitionism (university, secondary, no education, primary), and Sex (university, secondary, primary, no education). B. Blood Pressure and Self_Actualization 1, Patients with hypertension had significantly lower scores on all variables. 2. Normal persons had higher scores related to age groups in the following order on Existentiality (20's, 30's, 40's, 50's). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 3. Normal women had higher scores than men on Time Competence. Normal men had higher scores on Feeling Reactivity. Male patients had higher scores than women on Self-Actualizing Value and Self-Regard. 4. Normal persons ha 1 higher scores related to religion on spontaneity (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Time Competence and Nature of Man (Buddhism, Christianity, no religion). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Existentiality (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed) and Self-Regard (unemployed, office workers, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Existentiality and Self-Acceptance (university, secondary). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on inner-Director (university, secondary, no education, primary) and Existentiality (university, secondary, primary, no education). Recommendations for nursing interventions with hypertensive patients with emotional problems or low self-actualization were made. 1. The nurse should encourage the patient through her interactions with other members of the medical team to accept counselling and health education. 2. Through her therapeutic interpersonal relationships with the patient, the nurse should help him discover the causes of his emotional tension. 3. Through her health teaching with the family, the nurse should encourage them to participate with the medical team in the patient's therapeutic plan and in providing him with the minimum possible emotional support. 4. Through frequent counselling with the obsessive-thinking and inflexible patient, the nurse should reevaluate the patient's behaviour and her interventions. 5. Seriously ill patients should be given needed reeducation by members of the professional medical team.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제68호
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• pp.283-317
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• 2017

도덕과 이익에 관한 문제는 주로 도덕법칙과 물질이익의 관계에 관한 문제를 말한다. 이와 관련된 논의를 동양의 전통철학사상사에서는 '의리지변(義利之辯)'으로 지칭하였는데, 공자와 맹자의 사상 속에도 의리(義利)에 관한 다양한 논의가 담겨있다. 공자와 맹자에게 있어서 의(義)는 주로 '응당', '적합', '정당' 등을 의미하는 가치개념으로, 공통점은 모두가 의(義)를 한편으로는 외재하는 도덕법칙으로 간주하였고 다른 한편으로는 내재하는 도덕감정으로 이해하였다면, 차이점은 공자가 도덕목표로서의 의(義)의 외재성과 후천성을 중시한 반면에 맹자는 전체적으로는 의(義)의 외재성을 인정하면서도 부분적으로는 도덕본성으로서의 의(義)의 내재성과 선천성도 주장하였는데, 이러한 의(義)는 주관적 도덕감정 및 객관적 도덕법칙의 총칭이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 리(利)는 주로 '이득', '이윤', '영리' 등을 의미하는 사실개념으로, 공통점은 모두가 사익을 반대하고 공익을 강조하였다면, 차이점은 공자가 '이익을 보면 의(義)를 생각해야 한다'고 한 것처럼 利를 일정 정도 긍정시한 반면에 맹자는 '의(義)를 위해서라면 목숨까지 버려야한다'고 한 것처럼 리(利)를 상당정도 부정시하여 의(義)를 위한 리(利)로 인식하였는데, 이것은 곧 의(義)에 대한 리(利)의 종속성과 리(利)에 대한 의(義)의 절대성을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 그들에게 있어서 의(義)에는 내재성과 외재성, 주관성과 객관성, 구체성과 일반성, 특수성과 보편성 등의 특징들이, 그리고 리(利)에는 개별성과 특수성, 공익성과 사익성 등의 특징들이 혼재되어 있다. 이러한 특징들은 이론적인 불합리나 논리적인 모순 등의 단점과 사상의 다양성이나 개념의 다의성 등의 장점을 동시에 내포하고 있다. 하지만 단점은 피하고 장점은 되살린다면, 동서양이 하나가 되어가고 있는 오늘날에 새롭게 요구되는 세계윤리를 구상하는데 있어서 참고할만한 요소가 있을 것이다. 현대사회에서의 의리(義利) 문제는 도덕과 경제, 개인이익과 사회전체이익, 도덕이상과 물질이익 등의 문제로 나뉠 수 있는데, 이러한 현대의 의리(義利) 문제를 전통의 의리(義利) 문제와 결부시키면, 의리(義利)의 선후(先後) 문제로 양분할 수 있다. 의리(義利) 문제에 대한 공자와 맹자의 여러 인식 중에서, '선의후리(先義後利)'의 사상은 자신만의 이익추구와 욕구만족을 최고의 가치로 여기는 오늘날, 우리 모두에게 필요할 '인간주의'를 표방하는 새로운 윤리이론을 창안하는데 있어서 유용할만한 사상이라고 할 수 있다. 건전한 의리(義利)의 관계는 '선의후리'의 정신에 입각하여 의(義)의 내재성을 바탕으로 한 외재성의 추구와 리(利)의 공익성을 전제로 한 사익성의 실현이라는 상보적인 관계를 통해서만 가능할 것이다.