• 한국패류학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2014

The bioaccumulation of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to sediments artificially contaminated by Iranian Heavy Crude Oil was measured and the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) was estimated through laboratory experiments. The proportion of 16 PAHs accumulated in the tissue of R. philippinarum was only from 3 to 7% of total PAHs. Among 16 PAHs, the concentration of naphthalene was highest in the tissue. Alkylated PAHs were highly accumulated more than 93% of total PAHs. The C3 dibenzothiophene was most highly accumulated. The relative composition of alkylated naphthalenes in the tissue of R. philippinarum was lower than in the sediments. In contrast, those of alkylated compounds of fluorenes, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes were higher in the tissue than the sediments. The BSAF for sum of 16 PAHs was 0.11 to 0.13 g carbon/g lipid and that for alkylated PAHs was 0.05 to 0.06 g carbon/g lipid. Naphthalene showed the highest BSAF value. Alkylated PAHs with the same parent compound, BSAF tended to increase with the number of alkylated branch increased, except for alkylated chrysenes. BSAF of total PAHs lies between that of field-based values, and are also similar to those of other persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs). This study provides the BSAF values of individual alkylated PAHs accumulated in R. philippinarum for the first time and will be used as a basis for further understanding the bioaccumulation of organic contaminants in the marine benthic organisms.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2014

In order to analyze environmental impact of livestock manure and organic fertilizers, this study investigated livestock-breeding and pollution loads, the status of individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities, and the status of production, supply and components of compost and liquid fertilizers in the Nonsan area. Also, on a trial basis, this study investigated the life cycle of the environmental impact of livestock manure and its organic fertilizers on stream, groundwater, and agricultural soil. The results are as follows. Firstly, were detected the range of $0.13{\sim}1.32{\mu}g/L$ of As, $0.004{\sim}0.467{\mu}g/L$ of Cd and $0.5{\sim}9.2{\mu}g/L$ of Pb as a harmful substances which show lower concentrations than person preservation criteria of water qualities and aquatic ecosystem. However, it is not clear that heavy metals affect environment such as stream, groundwater and agricultural soil. Secondly, this influence could change according to investigation time and treatment efficiency. As were detected large amounts of persistent organic pollutants(e.g. $14.24{\sim}38.47{\mu}g/L$ of acetylsalicylic acid, $1.17{\sim}2.96{\mu}g/L$ of sulfamethazine, and $2.25{\sim}174.09{\mu}g/L$ of sulfathiazole) in effluent from livestock farms and small amounts of sulfathiazole($ND{\sim}1.63{\mu}g/L$) in the stream, it is necessary to monitor POPs at individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities. However, significant environmental impact did not appear at groundwater and agricultural soil in the test area supplied with liquid fertilizers. These results could be applied to investigate the environmental impact of livestock manure through a comprehensive livestock manure management information system.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2008

A study was carried out on the physico-chemical properties of soil and content of heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene that might have been introduced through by-product fertilizers or air pollution to growing turfgrass at natural turfgrass playgrounds in elementary schools located at the western coast and eastern mountain areas in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The soil of turfgrass playgrounds is composed of loamy sand, and the CEC and organic matters were very low. Compared to agricultural land in Korea, the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were very low, requiring control in terms of nutrients. The contents of total and fraction heavy metals in soil were found to be background level. The reason may lie in the fact that unpolluted sand soil or sand was used to construct the foundation for the natural grass playground in the first place. However, any change in oxidation-reduction conditions or acceleration of decomposition of organic compounds may release some heavy metals from the soil and be transformed into forms that may be easily absorbed by plants or grass. It is believed that sustained monitoring and environment impact assessments should be carried out. The contents of benzo(a)pyrene in soil showed an average 0.60ng/g with a range between 0.06 to 1.47ng/g. The detected contents were found as background level.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.373-383
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• 2016

Cheonsu Bay, one of the most important in Korea as a coastal fishery is a semi-enclosed bay that is surrounded by large farmlands and industrial areas. This coastal environment has been affected by anthropogenic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of PCBs and OCPs in sediment, Manila clams, and mussels from Cheonsu Bay; the accumulation pattern of these chemicals in these bivalves in relation to seasonal changes; and the ecological risk from sediments and the risk to the Korean population from the consumption of these bivalves. The levels of ${\Sigma}PCBs$, ${\Sigma}DDT$, and ${\Sigma}HCHs$ were 69.3-109, 40.3-49.3 and 6.25-17.8 ng/g lipid in Manila clams, and 70.6-159, 38.6-102 and 9.00-13.5 ng/g lipid in Mussels. Significant seasonal variations in PCBs and OCPs concentrations were observed in the two bivalves, suggesting that the accumulation of PCBs and OCPs in these species is related to their spawning times. The dietary intake of these two bivalves and the resulting lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and non-cancer risk were calculated for the human population. The consumption of these bivalves seemed to be safe in relation to human health with negligible LCR and non-cancer risk.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention because they bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effect to human health and the environment. Apple and pear is economic crop in agriculture, and its cultivation area and yield has been increased. Therefore, we tried to investigate the OCPs residue in apple and pear orchard soils and fruits. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up method were developed using the modified QuEChERS method for residual organochlorine pesticides (ROCPs) in apple and pear orchard soil and fruits. Recovery and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of ROCPs in soil and fruits were 75.4-101.4 and 76.9-93.4%, 0.03-0.21 and $0.6-1.2{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Detected ROCPs in apple and pear orchard soil was 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, and endosulfan sulfate, the residues were 2.2, 1.9-48.0, 1.3-84.1, 90.6-863.1, and $11.3-239.0{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. But five pesticides in all fruit samples were not detected. CONCLUSION: These results showed that ROCPs residues in apple and pear orchard soil had no effect on safety of agricultural products.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.85-88
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• 2003

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRT AP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of PARs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PARs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PARs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 ${\mu}g$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PARs(PARcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a, h)anthracene and Indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 ${\mu}g$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had several pathway each by-products. In the ocean dumping, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year. In recycle, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 98.36 kg/year and 428.87 kg/year. In the landfill, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 190.40 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. In the incineration, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emission were 33.10 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. (In case of incineration, the whole provisions of PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc contained to flowed in sludge was supposed to be exhausted to environment through exhaust after incineration.)

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.1167-1171
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• 2003

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRTAP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographicmass spectrometric (GCMS) determination of PAHs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PAHs(PAHcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)f1uoranthene, Benzo(k)f1uoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and Indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PAHs and $\Sigma$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had emitted to environment by several pathway. The highest amount of emission to the environment was remarked in the ocean dumping(PAHs and $\Sigma$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year, respectively).

• 분석과학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2006

현재 가동 중인 생활폐기물 소각시설에서 배출되는 소각재의 수세처리에 의한 유기화학물질 용출특성을 확인하기 위해 GC/MSD로 정성 분석을 하였다. 바닥재 및 비산재에서 각각 44종 및 17종의 다양한 유기화합물질을 확인하였다. 이러한 정성분석은 각 피크의 질량스펙트럼에 대한 Library(NIST21, NIST107, WILEY229) 검색 후 일치도가 90% 이상인 유사지표(similarity index)에 의해 수행되었다. 바닥재는 Naphthalene 그리고 Phenanthrene인 2종의 다방향족화합물(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)을 포함한 18종의 방향족화합물과 사슬모양의 탄화수소인 26종의 지방족화합물을 검출하였다. 비산재의 경우 잔류성유기오염물질(Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs)인 헥사클로로벤젠(Hexachlorobenzene, HCB)을 포함한 10종의 방향족화합물과 7종의 지방족화합물을 정성적으로 확인하였다. 또한, 바닥재와 비산재의 용출액과 용출잔사의 용출특성을 비교분석한 결과, 바닥재에서는 Ethenylbenzene, Benzaldehyde, 1-Phenyl-ethanone 그리고 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 등이, 비산재에서는 Naphthalene, Dodecane, 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene, Tetradecane, Hexadecane 그리고 Pentachlorobenzene등의 유기화합물이 수층으로 용출되는 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 소각재 중 비산재 및 바닥재가 단순 매립될 경우 유기화합물에 의한 침출수 및 지하수, 토양 등 2차 오염이 발생할 것으로 추정되며, 이러한 2차 오염을 방지하기 위해서 소각재에 함유되어 있는 다양한 종류의 유기화학물질의 용출특성을 조사하여 이에 대한 효율적이고 적정한 관리가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2015

Objectives: Pine needles were used as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study was performed to investigate concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) deposited on pine needles near a waste incinerator and PCDD/Fs source contributions using principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: Two-year-old pine needles were sampled at 11 points with respect to distance and wind direction from the incinerator. PCDD/Fs deposited on pine needles were analyzed with HRGC/HRMS. The source contribution of PCA was calculated with SPSS. Results: The average concentration of PCDD/Fs deposited on pine needle was 0.79 (0.27-1.76) pg TEQ/g dry, PCDDs with 0.24 (0.01-0.95) pg TEQ/g dry and PCDFs with 0.56 (0.27-0.82) pg TEQ/g dry, respectively. The average concentration fraction of PCDDs was 29.7%, that of PCDFs was 70.3%, and PCDFs were more prevalent than PCDDs. The contributions of PCDD/Fs sources were estimated as incineration at 58.3% and automobiles at 28.4%. However, a relation and regulation between PCDD/Fs concentrations deposited on pine needles and distance from incinerator or wind direction was not shown. Conclusion: It was concluded that atmospheric PCDD/Fs concentrations near an industrial complex with a waste incinerator were affected by multiple sources. However, PCDD/Fs concentrations were lower than in other inland cities with the exception of background area.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.3-3
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• 2011

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kra-Araks Basin (KAB) became an international river basin with respect to the South Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. However, there are no agreements regarding water allocation, water quality, or ecosystem maintenance among the aforementioned riparians. The main water problems in the basin include not only water quantity and quality, but also the lack of joint management. The aforementioned countries share many similar circumstances: location in a politically unstable but strategic region bureaucratic and structural issues; and more importantly, ongoing ethnic and related conflicts. Despite these obstacles, the countries recognize that they depend greatly on the basin, whose waters they must share. To that end, they proposed and participated in the joint NATO-OSCE South Caucasus River Monitoring (SCRMP) project between 2002 and 2009.The SCRMP sought to investigate and characterize the surface water quality in the KAB by providing equipment and training to all three countries. Several years' worth of water quality data were collected in the KAB: major ions; heavy metals; POPs (persistent organic pollutants); and radionuclides; The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (primary funder) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europesupported the SCRMP not only to build capacity but also to promote cooperation and minimize conflict over water and other resources, thus providing a measure of security for Europe and other regions. The South Caucasus is a strategically-important region, functioning as a bridge between Asia and Europe. Energy-rich Azerbaijan seeks to become a key player in trade by serving as a transportation and energy hub between the energy and mineral-rich Central Asian KUT countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) and Western Asia, Europe, and other areas. The presentation will summarize the scientific results of the SCRMP, elucidate the regional water-energy-security nexus, discuss future work in the region, and explain why the world needs to be concerned about the KAB and the entire South Caucasus.