• 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2001

This paper explored the effectiveness of a hierarchical Treatment of Aphasic Perseveration (TAP) program on an aphasic in two regards: decrease in the frequency of perseveration and improvement in naming ability. The subject was a 54-year-old female with Transcortical Sensory (TCS) aphasia following a left ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). It was concluded that the hierarchical TAP program was more effective and efficient in terms of decreasing perseveration and increasing correct naming performance. Within the data of the hierarchical TAP program, however, a substantial decrease in the frequency of occurrence of perseverative behaviors did not necessarily result in proportionate improvement of naming ability. The probable causes and reasons were discussed.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problem solving strategies of elementary school students and to find out correlations between the functional mental capacity, the perseveration error and the Creature Card Task solving ability. To study this purpose, four categories were selected through pilot test. The sample consisted of 231, the 4th grade students and the 5th grade students in Inchon, Korea and selected 32 students among them. Three instruments were used in this study, Creature Card Task, FIT(Figural Intersection Test) and WCST(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Researcher interviewed 32 students about Creature Card Task solving strategies and tests with FIT, WCST. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Creature Card Task solving strategies of the selected 4th & 5th grade students were different. Some students solved problems during individual interviews. 2. Creature Card Task solving abilities were significantly correlated with the functional mental capacity and the perseveration error.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2003

This study attempted to determine the effects of a context-based drawing task on the language expression of a severe Wernicke's and Broca's aphasic. The subjects in this study showed a poor auditory comprehension and naming performance. They also showed paraphasia and perseveration. This study focused on improving language expression by a drawing task based on conversation at hand. Ten target words were chosen which were easily drawnable and familiar to the subjects. The results showed that the context-based drawing task was effective on improving the subjects' confrontation naming ability and expressive language ability in terms of explanation of sentences. In addition, the Broca's aphasic showed improved naming ability when the contextual cues were given and he was supposed to spontaneously name words.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2001

This study explored the effectiveness of a hierarchical treatment of aphasic perseveration (TAP) program in a Korean client with transcortical sensory aphasia. The subject with 52% perserveration score (Korean version of Boston Naming Test : K-BNT) was 44 year-old female with MCA (Middle cerebral artery) infarction. The experimental design used was an alternating treatment design with the hierarchical TAP and conventional audio-visual stimulation. The frequency of occurrence of perseverative behaviors and correct response in naming performance were analyzed and compared. It was claimed that the hierarchical TAP was more effective in naming performance than conventional audio-visual stimulation in terms of correct naming response. The frequency of occurrence of perseverative behaviors was lower in hierarchical TAP but the difference was relatively small. Unlike in English, sentence completion task was no longer stimulable while unison speech was very stimulable among the specific strategies of TAP program in Korean. Therefore, it could be said that TAP is language-dependent.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.43-66
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• 2005

Object : This study was designed to asses the protective effects of Kunneo tang on cognitive decline of the patients with early DAT. Method : Before administered with Kunneotang, 16 patients with early DAT were measured by auditory ERP, MMSE-K and K-DRS. During 12 months the patients with early DAT were administered with Kunneotang. After 12months the patients were measured by the same examinations again. Result : 1. The total score of MMSE-K decreased but it was not significant. 2. The total score of K-DRS increased but it was not significant. Among the five criteria(attention, memory, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization), Initiation/perseveration score signifcantly decreased and there were no significant differences in the other scores. But, memory mean score had a tendency to increase. 3. The latency of ERP P300 component increased but it was not significant and the amplitude of ERP P300 component showed the significant difference. Conclusion : The results suggest that Kunneotang may have protective effects on cognitive decline in the patients with early DAT.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2015

Joint properties of electric control unit (ECU) module using Sn-Cu-(X)Al(Si) lead-free solder alloy were investigated for automotive electronics module. In this study, Sn-0.5Cu-0.01Al(Si) and Sn-0.5Cu-0.03Al(Si) (wt.%) lead-free alloys were fabricated as bar type by doped various weight percentages (0.01 and 0.03 wt.%) of Al(Si) alloy to Sn-0.5Cu. After fabrications of lead-free alloys, the ball-type solder alloys with a diameter of 450 um were made by rolling and punching. The melting temperatures of 0.01Al(Si) and 0.03Al(Si) were 230.2 and $230.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. To evaluation of properties of solder joint, test printed circuit board (PCB) finished with organic solderability perseveration (OSP) on Cu pad. The ball-type solders were attached to test PCB with flux and reflowed for formation of solder joint. The maximum temperature of reflow was $260^{\circ}C$ for 50s above melting temperature. And then, we measured spreadability and shear strength of two Al(Si) solder materials compared to Sn-0.7Cu solder material used in industry. And also, microstructures in solder and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were observed. Moreover, thickness and grain size of $Cu_6Sn_5$ IMC were measured and then compared with Sn-0.7Cu. With increasing the amounts of Al(Si), the $Cu_6Sn_5$ thickness was decreased. These results show the addition of Al(Si) could suppress IMC growth and improve the reliability of solder joint.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.525-540
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• 1997

The present study tested the hypothesis that maturation of the prefrontal lobes is a crucial factor determining the performance of scientific reasoning tasks, Functions of the prefrontal lobes, such as activating relevant information, sequential planning and monitoring, and inhibiting irrelevant information, are related thinking patterns with scientific reasoning. Therefore, we inferred the idea that the prefrontal lobes play an important role in scientific reasoning. To test the hypothesis. the present study investigated a prefrontal lobe patient's task solving procedures in scientific reasoning tasks and the correlation and regression analysis between a test of prefrontal lobe function and two scientific reasoning tasks, The perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) was used as a measure of the prefrontal lobe function, The Melinark Type Task and the Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning were used as measures of scientific reasoning abilities. Ages and Group Embedded Figure Test were also used as measures of two alternative hypotheses, general maturation and field independency respectively. The prefrontal lobe patient showed a crucial deficiency in solving scientific reasoning tasks. In the tasks, the patient could not used the reasoning of If... and... then... therefore pattern. In correlation study, the perseveration errors of the WCST showed a significantly negative correlation with two scientific reasoning tasks. Multiple regression study also showed that the perseveration errors measured as a function of the prefrontal lobes have more contribution to scientific reasoning ability than contributions of alternative hypotheses. Therefore, the present study supported the hypothesis that prefrontal lobes play a crucial role in scientific reasoning ability, What function of the prefrontal lobes do play crucial role in scientific reasoning? The present study provided an explanation for the question, which inhibiting ability of the prefrontal lobes is responsible for the scientific reasoning ability, in a part at least. That is, perseverative tendency in task-solving procedures causes a deficiency of an ability to inhibit the wrong information to solve a task. The present study provided a possibility of neuropsychological approach in science education research. The present study also showed an importance of the prefrontal lobe development in the performance of scientific reasoning task.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.503-516
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• 1998

본 연구는 형식적 조작기의 초기에 형성되며, 형식적 사고와 과학적 추론의 기초가 되는 비례 논리의 형성에 미치는 학습자 요인과 비례 논리 향상을 위한 프로그램의 적용효과를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 비례 논리 형성에 미치는 요인 분석을 위하여 형식적 사고기의 초기에 해당하는 중학교 1, 2, 3학년 학생 790명을 대상으로 하였다. 표집된 학생들에게 과학적 사고력 검사, WCST, 설계기능검사, 정신용량 검사, 인지양식 검사, 뇌기능 분화 검사, 동시적/연속적 처리 검사, 과학적 추론 검사를 실시하였다. 한편, 비례논리 향상을 위한 프로그램의 적용을 위해서 비례논리가 형성되지 않은 학생 133명에게 처치하여 그 효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과 학습자의 연령, 과학적 추론 능력, 정신용량, 동시적/연속적 정보처리 점수가 높을수록 비례논리 형성 정도가 높았다. 반면에 보속적 오류가 적을수록 비례논리 형성 정도가 높았다. 비례논리 형성에 높은 예언력을 가지고 있는 대표적인 변인으로는 과학적 추론, 정보처리, 보속적 오류, 연령의 학습자 요인이다. 형식적 사고기의 연령에 있는 학생 중 비례논리가 형성되지 않은 학생을 위해서 비례 논리 형성을 위한 프로그램이 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 논리적 사고 형성에 미치는 요인에 대한 분석과 비례논리의 형성이 기타의 논리 형성과 과학 교과목의 성취도에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 계속되기를 기대한다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on the improvement of memory. Methods : This study was a 12 week, double blind, comparative clinical study. There were eligible who worked with a group of healthy seniors, all 60 years of age or older. 50 subjects were randomized either to Gastrodia elata Blume in powder form and steep in hot water or placebo. We measured the faculty of memory by using K-DRS, MMSE-K, Digit Span, Letter Fluency Test, Word List Memory Test, and the Trail Making Test, and after 12 weeks we measured the faculty of memory again using the same methods. Results : Gastrodia elata Blume steeps in the hot water group significantly increased. Initiation, perseveration level, and Memory level of K-DRS and MMSE-K score. There were no considerable differences between three groups in Digit Span and Trail Making Test score. Gastrodia elata Blume group showed significant advances in Letter Fluency Test and recognition of Word List Memory Test. Conclusions : The results suggest that Gastrodia elata Blume may have positive effects on memory improvement and function of the frontal lobe activation.

• 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.91-102
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• 1998

The present study attempted to modify the conventional Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) in three aspects: number of syllables of adjacent target utterances (ATU), melody patterns of ATU, and initial listening of melody and intoned speech with the eyes closed. The modified Melodic Intonation Therapy (MMIT) was applied to two severe Korean aphasics. The patients exhibited a severely nonfluent aphasia resulting from a left CVA(Cerebrovascular Accident). The purpose of the modification was to avoid perseveration and improve reflective listening skills. First, the treatment program avoided ATU with the same number of syllables. Second, four different patterns of melody were developed: rising type, falling type, V-type, and inverted V-type. One type of prosodic pattern was preceded and followed by another type of melody. These two variations were to decrease perseverative behaviors. Finally, the patients kept their eyes closed when the clinician played and hummed a target melody at the initial stage of the program in order to improve reflective listening skills. A single-subject alternating treatment design was used. The effects of MMIT were compared to the conventional MIT. Differing the number of syllables and the type of melodic patterns decreased perseverative behaviors and produced more correct names. The initial listening of the target melody with the patients' eyes closed seemed to increase their attentiveness and result in a more fluent production of target utterances. Probable reasons for the effectiveness of MMIT were discussed.