• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.194-210
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the healing of post-extraction sockets following alveolar ridge preservation clinically, radiologically, and histologically. Methods: Overall, 7 extraction sockets in 7 patients were grafted with demineralised bovine bone mineral and covered with a porcine-derived non-crosslinked collagen matrix (CM). Soft tissue healing was clinically evaluated on the basis of a specific healing index. Horizontal and vertical ridge dimensional changes were assessed clinically and radiographically at baseline and 6 months after implant placement. For histological and histomorphometric analysis, bone biopsies were harvested from the augmented sites during implant surgery 6 months after the socket preservation procedure. Results: Clinically, healing proceeded uneventfully in all the sockets. A trend towards reduced horizontal and vertical socket dimensions was observed from baseline to the final examination. The mean width and height of resorption were 1.21 mm (P=0.005) and 0.46 mm (P=0.004), respectively. Histologically, residual xenograft particles ($31.97%{\pm}3.52%$) were surrounded by either newly formed bone ($16.02%{\pm}7.06%$) or connective tissue ($50.67%{\pm}8.42%$) without fibrous encapsulation. The CM underwent a physiological substitution process in favour of well-vascularised collagen-rich connective tissue. Conclusions: Socket preservation using demineralised bovine bone mineral in combination with CM provided stable dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge associated with good reepithelialisation of the soft tissues during a 6-month healing period.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.655-669
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• 2007

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. And vitamin C has shown a protective effect for the tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of $H_2O_2$ and ascorbic acid on matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP: TIMP-1, TIMP-2), Type 1 collagen, fibronectin, and PDLs22 level in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). hPDLF was obtained from a healthy periodontium and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium plus 10% fetal bone serum. The concentration of ascorbic acid in hPDLF was $50{\mu}g/ml$, and that of $H_2O_2$ in hPDLF was 0.03% and 0.00003%. Ascorbic acid only, $H_2O_2$ only and mixture of ascorbic acid and $H_2O_2$ were applied with hPDLF for 1-, 3-, and 30-min. respectively. The gene expression of MMP-1-, TIMP-1-, TIMP-2-, Type 1 collagen-, fibronectin-, and PDLs22-mRNA in hPDLF was analysed via RT-PCR. The results were as follows; 1. hPDLF in response to 30-min. incubation with 0.03% $H_2O_2$ did not show any gene expression. 2. In all the experimental groups, the gene expression of fibronectin mRNA showed the decreased tendency compared to control. 3. In all the experimental groups, the gene expression of TIMP-1 mRNA showed the tendency similar to control. 4. hPDLF in response to 30-min. incubation with 0.03% $H_2O_2$ and ascorbic acid increased mRNA induction for MMP-1. 5. In all the experimental groups, hPDLF increased mRNA induction for PDLs22, collagen type 1, and TIMP-2 compared to control. Within the limited experiments, $H_2O_2$ and ascorbic acid increased mRNA induction for PDLs22, collagen type 1, TIMP-2 in hPDLF. More research will be needed in order to confirm the relative importance of the different roles of ROS and antioxidants in hPDLF from a periodontal regeneration or repair standpoint.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.577-594
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• 1993

Polytetrafluoroethylene membrane 및 millipore filter를 섬유소와 병용사용하여 성견 치주조직 재생에 미치는 영향에 관해 알아보기 위하여 생후 9개월 이상된 잡종성견7마리에 치은박리소파수술후 PTFE membrane를 삽입한 군을 대조군으로, PTFE membrane에 섬유소를 첨가했는 군을 실험1군으로, 수술시 millipore filter를 봉합에 의해 고정시킨군을 실험2군으로, 섬유소로 millipore filter를 고정시킨 군을 실험3군으로 하였다. 술후 각 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 주에 관류고정과 아울러 희생시켜 악골을 채취하고 통법에 의해 후고정, 탈회, 탈수과정을 거쳐 파라핀으로 포매한 후 $4-6{\mu}m$두께의 협, 설측 박편을 제작한 후 H & E 및 Masson’s trichrome염색 후 광학현미경으로 치유결과를 조직학적으로 비교 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1 주때 대조군 및 실험각군 모두 치은상피조직의 근단이동이 억제된 양상을 나타내었으며, millipore filter를 삽입한 군에서는 섬유소보다 봉합에 의해 막을 고정시킨 경우 술후 1주때 부터 치은퇴축으로 인한 막의 노출이 관찰되었고 술후 4주때 막의 내, 외면에 긴접합상피조직의 근단이동을 관찰할 수 있었으며, PTFE membrane 경우는 섬유소유무에 따른 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 대조군 및 실험각군 모두 술후 1주때 골양조직을 관찰할 수 있었고 4주때 성숙된 치조골 양상을 보였으며 특히 PTFE membrane인 경우 증가된 협설 측 폭경을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 술후 12주때 실험각군 모두 치조골이 더욱 성숙된 양상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 술후 4주때 대조군, 실험각군 모두 활택된 치근면상에 미약한 신생백악질 및 불규칙적인 교원섬유의 배열을 관찰할 수 있었고 8주때 뚜렷한 백악질의 증가와 12주때에는 신생백악질과 신생치조골 사이에 기능적으로 배열된 교원 섬유를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 섬유소로 막을 고정시킬 경우 치근면과의 긴밀한 접촉을 유지시킬수 있으며, 차단막을 근단쪽으로 위치시켜 막의 노출 위험을 감소시킬수 있으며, 특히 PTFE membrane인 경우 봉합대체물로의 연이은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of deproteinized bovine bone mineral soaked in inorganic polyphosphate on bone regeneration in the calvaria of rabbit in the procedure of guided bone regeneration with titanium reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene(TR-ePTFE) membrane. The rabbits were divided into four groups. Control group used TR-ePTFE membrane filled with de-proteinized bovine bone mineral, experimental group I used TR-ePTFE membrane and deproteinized bovine bone mineral soaked in 4% inorganic polyphosphate, experimental group II and III used TR-ePTFE membrane and deproteinized bovine bone mineral soaked in 8% or 16% inorganic poly-phosphate respectively. After decortication in the calvaria, GBR procedure was performed on 8 rabbits with only TR-ePTFE membrane or titanium reinforced ePTFE membrane filled with deproteinized bovine bone mineral soaked in inorganic polyphosphate. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks, and 8 weeks af-ter the surgery. Non-decalcified specimens were processed for histologic analysis, and new bone for-mation was assessed by histomorphometric as well as statical analysis. 1. Both control group and experirrental group dermnstrated increasing of new bone formation until 8weeks. 2. At 8 weeks, experimental group I and group II showed the significant difference compared to control group in new bone formation. Especially experimental group II showed the most in-creasing of new bone formation. 3. The higher concentration of inorganic polyphosphate filled, the more volume of bone formation pro-moted, but experimental group III did not reveal significant difference compared to contol group. 4. Deproteinized bovine bone mineral did not resorbed at all until 8 weeks. These results suggest that inorganic polyphosphate has a promoting effect on bone regeneration. possibly by enhancing osteoconductivity of the carrier and by increasing osteoinductivity of the defected alveolar bone tissue, but not as we respect.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.210-221
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was performed to investigate the mineralization and differentiation of osteobalsts for bone regeneration in vitro and the effect of rate of the composition in periodontal cells on mineralization. For this study, healthy gingival tissues were surgically obtained from the patients during 1st premolar extraction for the purposes of orthodontic treament. Gingival tissue was washed several time with Phosphate buffered saline contained high concentration of antibiotics and antifungal agent, and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium(DMEM, Gibco, U.S.A.). Every cell were cultured in state at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% of humidity, 5% of $CO_2$ incubator. Bone marrow stromal cells were isolated from 5-clay-old rat femur with using medium irrigation mathod by syringe. Cell suspension medium were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min and then cultured in the petri dish. Two kinds of cell were freezed and stocked in the liquid nitrogen tank until experiment. Cell were incubated into the 24 multi-well plate with $5{\times}10^4$cell/well of medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% of humidity 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. After discarded of the supernatent of medium, O.5ml of medium were reapplied and incubated. And counted the number of cell using the hemocytometer and inverted light microscope. We have measured the number of mineralized nodule with using Alizarin red S. staining in microscope. Furthermore every cell were observed the morphological change between every rate of co-culture of the two kinds of cell. The results were as follows; The rate of proliferation of co-culture cell revealed high rate tendency compared the bone marrow stromal cell only and low growth rate to compared with gingival fibroblast only. The tendency of formation of the mineralized nodule were observed dose-depend pattern of bone marrow stromal cell. It is concluded that the gingival fibroblast may inhibit the formation of mineralized nodule in the culture of the bone marrow stromal cell.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.821-836
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• 2000

The Peri-implantitis causes inflammation of periodontal tissue and bone loss. It contaminates surface of implants. Therefore, guided bone regeneration has been used for the treatment of this disease. For the reosseointegration of the exposed surface, various mechanical and chemical methods have been used for cleaning and detoxication of implant surface. Among these methods, air-powder abrasive and oversaturated citrate are known to be most effective. However, these treatments may deform implant surface. In this research, changes of surface roughness they were examined. 10 experimental machined titanium cylinder models were fabricated to be used for control groups. Each of them was air powder abraded for 1 minute and they were named group 1. And then, group 1 were burnished with cotton pellets soaked with citrate for 30 seconds(Group 2), 1 minute(Group 3), 3 minutes(Group 4), and 5 minutes(Group 5) burnishing were applied for grouping respectively. Each group were examined with SPM, and their surface roughness were measured and analyzed. 1. Surface roughness of titanium decreased when it was air-powder abraded for 1 minute. It was statistically significant. 2. When Air-powder abraded titanium were treated with citrate for 3 minutes, Their surface roughness was the lowest. Titanium treated for 1 minute was the second lowest and 30 seconds was the third and titanium burnished for 5 minutes was the highest. 3. Surface roughness of titanium which was treated with citrate was decreased till 3 minutes, which was statistically significant. There was no statistical significance from 30 seconds to 1 minute and from 1 minute to 3 minutes, and there was statistical significance from 30 seconds to 3 minutes. 4. Oxide layer was formed when titanium is exposed to air, and it was removed when air-powder abraded. It was made when treated with citrate. It is thought that citrate treatment is necessary after the air-powder abrasion, and 1 minute is clinically and qualitatively adequate for burnishing time of citrate.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.647-668
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• 1997

6 beagle dogs aged over one and half years and weighed 14 to 16 Kg were utilized in this study, Horizontal furcation defects were induced around 2nd, 3rd, and 4th premolars bilaterally, PDGF-BB in conjunction with EGF and PDGF-BB only were applied in the right and left premolars respectively. 2 animals were sacrificed at 4weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks, after regenerative surgery respectively. Semi-thin sections using glass-knife were stained with toluidine blue for light microscopic study. The results were as follows: 1. At 4 weeks after regenerative surgery, bone formation in the PDGF-BB-applied site was thriving, but bone formation in the PDGF-BB-and-EGF-applied site was depressed. 2. Bony ankylosis was surely shown along the whole exposed root surface applied with PDGF-BB, but it was shown at the root surface near the base of the bone defect where was applied with PDGF-BB in conjunction with EGF. 3. Active bone formation was made from 8 weeks after regenerative surgery in the PDGF-BB- and-EGF-applied site. 4. Bone maturity as well as speed of bone formation in the PDGF-BB-applied site was superior to those in the PDGF-BB-and-EGF-applied site throughout the whole experimental period. Within the above results, PDGF-BB had the strong capability to form the new bone and EGF was not able to prevent the bony ankylosis thoroughly. However, EGF may have the possibility to prevent the bony ankylosis through the suppression of bone formation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.289-303
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of bone graft materials including demineralized freeze-dried bone, freeze-dried bone, deproteinized bovine bone on space-making capacity and bone formation in guided bone regeneration with titanium reinforced ePTFE membrane(TR-ePTFE). Adult male rabbits(mean BW 2kg) were used in this study. Intramarrow penetration defects were surgically created with round bur on calvaria of rabbits. TR-ePTFE membrane was adapted to calvarial defect and bone graft materials were placed. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. Non-decalcified specimens were processed for histologic analysis and prepared with Villaneuva bone stain. The results of this study were as follows: 1. TR-ePTFE membrane was biocompatible and capable of maintaining the space-making. 2. Tissue integration was not good at TR-ePTFE membrane. Fixation was not enough. so, wound stabilization was not good. 3. In animals using deproteinized bovine bone, demineralized freeze-dried bone, bone formation was little. 4. In animals using freeze-dried bone, bone formation was better. Within the above results, bone formation may be inhibited when wound stabilizafion was not good.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of bone regenerative abilities of silk fibroin nanomembrane(Nanoguide-S) Material and Methods: The objects were 38 patients who had large defect at extraction sockets caused by chronic periodontitis and silk fibroin nano matrix were used on experimental group(N=19) and PLA/PLGA matrix were used on control group(N=19). The width, height, and length by crown-apical direction(socket depth) of defects were measured with the occlusal plane as a reference plane, and tooth axis direction, perpendicular to tooth axis direction were measured on radiographs at 3 months pre-operative, 3 months post-operative. Result: Tissue response to silk fibroin nano matrix and Biomesh were clinically satisfactory and complications such as swelling, exudation, ulceration and vesicles were not found except the ordinary discomfort of operated portion. 3 months later, the width, height, and length by crown-apical direction (socket depth) of defects were clinically improved in both groups with no significant difference. 3 months later radiolucency of tooth axis direction and perpendicular to tooth axis direction were all increased in both groups with no significant difference. Conclusion: By these results biodegradadable silk fibroin nano matrix was efficient in GBR on alveolar bone resorption caused by periodontitis compared to Biomesh.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.411-424
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate bone formation in the calvaria of rabbit by the concept of guided bone regeneration with titanium mesh membrane. Two different titanium meshes with varying number (353, 565) of pore were utilized in the study. Two surgical sites(T353, T565) were evaluated about whether or not the number of pore may have effect on the bone formation. The animal was sacrificed at 10days, 3 weeks, 6weeks, and 8 weeks after the surgery. Non-decalcified specimens were processed for histologic analysis. 1. Titanium mesh was biocompatible and capable of maintaining the spacemaking. 2. At 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after GBR procedure, bone formation was more in the T353 site than in the T565 site. 3. Soft tissue layer above the regenerated bone was better developed in the T565 site. 4. There was no difference between two membranes in bone maturity with time. Within the above results, titanium mesh with lesser pore in number might be recommended for the early bone formation.