• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1978

The mobile medical service has been operated for many years by a number of medical schools and hospitals as a most convenient means of medical service delivery to the people residing in such area where the geographical and socioeconomic conditions are not good enough to enjoy modern medical care. Despite of official appraisal showing off simply with numbers of outpatients treated and medical persons participated, however, as well recognized, the capability (in respect of budget, equipment and time) of those mobile medical teams is so limitted that it often discourages the recipients as well as medical participants themselves. In the midst of rising need to secure medical service of good quality to all parts of the country, and of developing concept of primary health care system, authors evaluated the effectiveness of and problems associated with mobile medical servies program through the community diagnosis of a village (Opo-myun, Kwangju-gun) to obtain the information which may be halpful for future improvement. 1. Owing to the nationwide Sae-Maul movement powerfully practiced during last several years, living environment of farm villages generally and remarkably improved including houses, water supply and wastes disposal etc. Neverthless, due to limitations in budget time and lack of knowledge (probably the most important), these improvements tend to keep up appearances only and are far from the goal which may being practical benefit in promoting the health of the community. 2. As a result of intensive population policy led by the government since 1962, there has been considerable advances in understanding and the rate of practicing family planning through out the villages and yet, one should see many things, especially education, to be done. Fifty eight per cent of mothers have not received prenatal check and the care for most (72%) delivery was offered by laymen at home. 3. Approximately seven per cent of the population was reported to have chronic illness but since only a few (practically none) of the people has had physical check up by doctors, the actual prevalence of chronic diseases may reach many times of the reported. The same fact was observed also in prevalence of tuberculosis; the patients registered at local health center totaled 31 comprising only 0.51% while the numbers in two neighboring villages (designated as demonstration area of tuberculosis control and mass examination was done recently) were 3.5 and 4.0% respectively. Prevalence rate of all dieseses and injuries expereinced during one month (July, 1977) was 15.8%. Only one tenth of those patients received treatment by physicians and one fifth was not treated at all. The situation was worse as for the chronic patients; 84% of all cases either have never been treated or discontinued therapy, and the main reasons were known to be financial difficulty and ignorance or indifference. 4. Among the patients treated by our mobile clinic, one third was chronic cases and 45% of all patients, by the opinion of doctors attended, were those who may be treated by specially trained nurses or other paramedics (objects of primary care). Besides, 20% of the cases required professional managements of level beyond the mobile team's capability and in this sense one may conclude that the effectiveness (performance) of present mobile medical team is quite limitted. According to above findings, the authors would like to suggest following for mobile medical service and overall medicare program for the people living in remote country side. 1. Establishment of primary health care system secured with effective communication and evacuation (between villages and local medical center) measures. 2. Nationwide enforcement of medical insurance system. 3. Simple outpatient care which now constitutes the main part of the most mobile medical services should largely be yielded up to primary health care unit of the village and the mobile team itself should be assigned on new and more urgent missions such as mass screening health examination of the villagers, health education with modern and effective audiovisual aids, professional training and consultant services for the primary health care organization.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 1986

Two experiments in this study were designed to compare the potential for in vitro capacitation and in vitro fertilization of ejaculated sperm among individual rabbit bucks. In experiment 1, for in vitro capacitation, the ejaculated sperm were preincubated in DM for 12 hr or 18 hr after HIS treatment, then 12 hr -or 18 hr- preincubated sperm were incubated with superovulated rabbit ova in a 5% CO2 incubator for 36 hr at 38$^{\circ}C$, and a part of cleaved ova was transferred to the recipient does for implantation of embryo. In experiment 2, effect of lysolecithin addition to preincubation medium on induction of accelerated in vitro capacitation and in vitro fertilization of individual rabbit sperm was studied. Experiment 1; 1. Percent acrosome reaction of sperm, noted after staining, after 12 hr or 18 hr preincubation ranged from 52.5 to 76.0% and from 67.5 to 90.0%, respectively and sperm motility index of these sperm ranged from 20.0 to 47.5 for 12 hr-preincubated sperm and from 15.0 to 37.5 for 18 hr- preincubated sperm. There was no a certain relation between percent acrosome reaction and sperm motility index. 2. In vitro fertilization rate (cleavage rate) of in vitro capacitated sperm varied widely among individual bucks, ranging from 0 to 47.8% for 12 hr - preincubated sperm and from 0 to 60.9% for 18 hr -prein- cubated sperm. Cleavage rate of 18 hr - preincubated sperm was higher and faster than that of 12 hr - preincubated sperm. 3. Eight of 44 in vitro fertilized embryos transferred into 6 recipients were implanted in 4 recipients (66.7%) up to day 15 and implnatation rate was 18.2%. Experiment 2; 1. The percent acrosome reaction of sperm before and after 4 hr preincubation in DM without lysolecithin varied significantly among individual bucks, ranging from 0.4 to 18.4% and from 1.7 to 37.4%, respectively and percent acrosome reaction of sperm at 30 min after addition of 60${\mu}$g/ml lysolecithin also was significantly different among bucks, ranging from 19.2 to 67.1%. 2. Effect of accelerated acrosome reaction following lysolecithin addition was more considerable in the individuals showed less percent acrosome reaction before and after 4 hr preincubation. Percentage of motile sperm and motility score showed a trendency towards a decrease with increase of preincubation time and time after lysolecithin addition. 3. In vitro fertilization rate (cleavage rate) at 24 hr postinesmination with pooled sperm were treated to 60 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml lysolecithin for 30 min after 4 hr preincubation was 24.6%, a higher rate than 13.2% for control. While 80 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml lysolecithin-added sperm showed a lower cleavage than control and 60$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml-added sperm at both 24 hr and 48 hr postinsemination. These results from 2 experiments suggest that more useful preincubation time for the in vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit sperm is 18 hr in DM after HIS treatment, although there is wide variation in vitro capacitation and in vitro fertilization rate among individual bucks, and lysolecithin addition to at least 4 hr - preincubated sperm in DM can result in almost same in vitro fertilization rate as that of 18 hr - preincubated sperm in the experiment 1.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.65-88
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• 2004

In general, empowerment is defined as the motivational concept of autonomy and self-efficacy. Recently, the concept of empowerment is applied to improve organizational staff's job satisfaction and organizational commitment in many organizations. Empower-ment in service organizations, i.e., hospitals, has certainly generated more publicity than any other organizations. The objectives of this study are, first, to measure the degree of hospital employees' empowerment using Spreitzer(1995)'s empowerment theory, second, to analyze the causal relationship of organizational and job characteristics, a degree of empowerment, and organizational performance(job satisfaction and organizational commitment), and third, to offer the strategy for the improvement of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Spreitzer insists that the empowerment is composed of 4 dimensions(meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact). And he argues that various work-related characteristics is a direct cause of empowerment and the indirect cause of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, mediated by the empowerment latent variable. In order to perform this study, data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from hospital employees working in administrative department of 3 university hospitals in Inchon and Kyunggi-Do region. The number of cases is 181(response rate; 86%). The Collected data were analyzed with SPSS Ver. 10.0 and AMOSV Ver. 4.0. First, to test validity of variables, the factor analysis was used. Second, to test reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients was calculated. Cronbach's alpha of empowerment variable is 0.8323 showing that there's no problem in regard to the internal consistency. Also the Cronbach's alpha of other variables are 0.8301 of the degree of perceived control, 0.6705 of job characteristics, O.8787 of compensation, 0.9254 of job satisfaction, and 0.8389 of organizational commitment, respectively. Among the questions of job characteristics, two survey questions are deleted due to lowering the reliability. Third, to test multicollinearity and correlation of variables, the correlation analysis was performed. There was no problem of multicollinearity. Finally structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was conducted to find the causal relationship of organizational and job Characteristics, empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The 16 variables are included for the SEM analysis. The major results of this study are as follows: First, in the case of model fitness, the condition of x$^2$ statistic(92.187) is not fully satisfied, but the indices of GFI(0.912), AGFI(0.863), NFI(0.917) and CFI(0.928) are partially satisfied, which needs to upper 0.90. Second, in the result of hypotheses testing, all hypotheses are accepted and have a positive effect in 95% or 99% confidence interval(P<0.05 or P<0.001) except the effect of compensation variable on empowerment(P=0.082). Third, in regard to the direct, indirect, and total effect of variables, the direct effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.728, 2.264, 0.328 and on organizational commitment are 0.094, 1.411, 0.418, respectively. Also the indirect effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.311, 0.196, 0.028 and on organizational commitment are 0.210, 0.132, 0.019, respectively. Thus, these findings imply that various work-related factors are direct effect of empowerment and indirect effect of result variables, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also These results showed that the workplace empowerment is significant mediating factor of employee's job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.94-113
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• 2013

이 연구는 초임 중등과학교사를 대상으로 교수에 대한 반성적 사고와 반성적 실천을 유도하는 협력적 멘토링 과정에서 멘토링 전후의 교수행위의 특징과 실제수업에서의 변화를 통해 교수실행의 반성적 실천이 어떻게 발전되어 가는지를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 참여자는 대학교수 1명, 박사 석사과정에 있는 연구자 2명, 3명의 멘토교사와 3명의 멘티교사 등 총 9명이 참여하였다. 멘토링 과정에서 멘티수업 녹화본 및 전사본, 학습지도안, 일대일 멘토링 녹음 및 전사본, 멘토 저널과 멘티 저널, RTOP 교수 관찰지 등의 자료를 수집하였다. 수업의 분석은 RTOP을 이용하였으며, 멘티교사의 수업에 있어서의 인식과 변화는 자신의 교수행위에 대한 반성(reflection)과 반성적 실천(reflective practice)으로 범주화하여 수업실행 전후의 멘티저널, 멘토링 협의회 녹음전사본, 멘토링 후 멘티 저널을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 초임 과학교사 3명의 멘토링 이전 수업의 특징은 교과내용지식과 관련된 측면은 어느 정도 구성되어 있으나, 학생들에게 다양한 탐구활동의 기회를 제공해주는 탐구적 교수법과 학생들의 능동적 지식 구성을 강화하는 수업방법에 있어서는 매우 취약함을 보여주었다. 멘토링이 진행됨에 따라 3명의 멘티교사의 차시별 수업을 분석한 결과, 멘티교사별로 상승곡선의 경향이 다소 다르게 나타나기는 하나, RTOP의 평균 점수는 점진적으로 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 협력적 멘토링이 진행되는 과정에서 멘티교사의 교수실행의 변화로 나타난 반성적 실천에서는, 멘토링 과정에서 3명의 멘티교사 모두 수업에 대한 반성이 일어나며 점진적으로 반성 수준이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 협력적 멘토링을 통해 멘티교사에게 수업반성의 기회를 제공하고 피드백하는 과정에서 멘티교사의 반성적 성향이 강하게 나타났으며, 이와 함께 반성적 실천에 의한 실제수업에서의 변화로 이어졌다. 이는 수업반성을 통해 교수기술의 향상을 가져옴을 알 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1696-1702
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of body weight growth adjustment methods on genetic parameters of body growth and tissue among three pig breeds. Data collected on 101,820 Landrace, 281,411 Yorkshire, and 78,068 Duroc pigs, born in Korean swine breeder farms since 2000, were analyzed. Records included body weights on test day and amplitude (A)-mode ultrasound carcass measures of backfat thickness (BF), eye muscle area (EMA), and retail cut percentage (RCP). Days to 90 kg body weight (DAYS90), through an adjustment of the age based on the body weight at the test day, were obtained. Ultrasound measures were also pre-adjusted (ABF, EMA, AEMA, ARCP) based on their test day measures. The (co)variance components were obtained with 3 multi-trait animal models using the REMLF90 software package. Model I included DAYS90 and ultrasound traits, whereas model II and III accounted DAYS90 and pre-adjusted ultrasound traits. Fixed factors were sex (sex) and contemporary groups (herd-year-month of birth) for all traits among the models. Additionally, model I and II considered a linear covariate of final weight on the ultrasound measure traits. Heritability ($h^2$) estimates for DAYS90, BF, EMA, and RCP ranged from 0.36 to 0.42, 0.34 to 0.43, 0.20 to 0.22, and 0.39 to 0.45, respectively, among the models. The $h^2$ estimates of DAYS90 from model II and III were also somewhat similar. The $h^2$ for ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were 0.35 to 0.44, 0.20 to 0.25, and 0.41 to 0.46, respectively. Our heritability estimates varied mostly among the breeds. The genetic correlations ($r_G$) were moderately negative between DAYS90 and BF (-0.29 to -0.38), and between DAYS90 and EMA (-0.16 to -0.26). BF had strong $r_G$ with RCP (-0.87 to -0.93). Moderately positive $r_G$ existed between DAYS90 and RCP (0.20 to 0.28) and between EMA and RCP (0.35 to 0.44) among the breeds. For DAYS90, model II and III, its correlations with ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were mostly low or negligible except the $r_G$ between DAYS90 and AEMA from model III (0.27 to 0.30). The $r_G$ between AEMA and ABF and between AEMA and ARCP were moderate but with negative and positive signs, respectively; also reflected influence of pre-adjustments. However, the $r_G$ between BF and RCP remained non-influential to trait pre-adjustments or covariable fits. Therefore, we conclude that ultrasound measures taken at a body weight of about 90 kg as the test final should be adjusted for body weight growth. Our adjustment formulas, particularly those for BF and EMA, should be revised further to accommodate the added variation due to different performance testing endpoints with regard to differential growth in body composition.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1994

Despite optimal local therapy such as surgery and/or radiotherapy, the long term outcome is poor for patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomma of head and neck, due to frequent loco-regional recurrence and distant metastases. We studied to determine whether the combination chemotherapy, especially as an adjuvant chemotherapy, would improve the survival of these patients. Between January, 1986 and December, 1992, 57 patients with previously untreated, locally advanced squamous cell arcinoma of head and neck were assigned to receive 2-3 cycles of induction chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil(F) and cisplatin(P) every 3 weeks and standard local therapy such as surgery and/or radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with the same FP regimens. Of the 57 enroled patients, 45 patients were evaluable. The obtained results were as following: 1) Among 45 evaluable patients, 18 patients finished all treatment protocol including adjuvant chemotherapy and 27 patients had no adjuvant chemotherapy. The difference of age, sex, performance status, disease stage, and tumor differentiation was not significant statistically between adjuvant chemotherapy group and no-adjuvant chemotherapy group. 2) After induction chemotherapy, 7/45(15.4%), 30/45(67%) achieved complete remission and partial remission respectively with 82.4% overall response rates in entire patients. 3) The 4year progression free survival was 43.3% in adjuvant chemotherapy group and 24.1% in no-adjuvant chemotherapy group(p>0.05). The 4year overall survival was 56.9% and 25.5% respectively(p>0.05). There was no significant different in the patterns of local recurrence and distant metastasis between the two groups. 4) Adverse reactions from combination chemotherapy included nausea, vomiting, mucositis, diarrhea and hematologic bone marrow depression. These were mild and tolerated by patients, and these was no episode of any life threatening toxicities. In conclusion, adjuvant chemotherapy after induction chemotherapy and local therapy did not show statistically significant survival improvement, but there was trend of prolongation of survival when compared to no adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, large scale phase III randomized controlled studies are strongly recommended.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.273-275
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• 2017

It has been forty years since the implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Korea. Following the 1977 legislature mandating medical insurance for employees and dependents in firms with more than 500 employees, South Korea expanded its health insurance to urban residents in 1989. Resultantly, total expenses of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) have greatly increased from 4.5 billion won in 1977 to 50.89 trillion won in 2016. With multiple insurers merging into the NHI system in 2000, a single-payer healthcare system emerged, along with separation policy of prescribing and dispensing. Following such reform, an emerging financial crisis required injections from the National Health Promotion Fund. Forty years following the introduction of the NHI system, both praise and criticism have been drawn. In just 12 years, the NHI achieved the fastest health population coverage in the world. Current medical expenditure is not high relative to the rest of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The quality of acute care in Korea is one of the best in the world. There is no sign of delayed diagnosis and/or treatment for most diseases. However, the NHI has been under-insured, requiring high-levels of out-of-pocket money from patients and often causing catastrophic medical expenses. Furthermore, the current environmental circumstances of the NHI are threatening its sustainability. Low birth rate decline, as well as slow economic growth, will make sustainment of the current healthcare system difficult in the near future. An aging population will increase the amount of medical expenditure required, especially with the baby-boomer generation of those born between 1955 and 1965. Meanwhile, there is always the problem of unification for the Korean Peninsula, and what role the health insurance system will have to play when it occurs. In the presidential election, health insurance is a main issue; however, there is greater focus on expansion and expenditure than revenue. Many aspects of Korea's NHI system (1977) were modeled after the German (1883) and Japanese (1922) systems. Such systems were created during an era where infections disease control was most urgent and thus, in the current non-communicable disease (NCD) era, must be redesigned. The Korean system, which is already forty years old, must be redesigned completely. Although health insurance benefit expansion is necessary, financial measures, as well as moral hazard control measures, must also be considered. Ultimately, there are three aspects that we must consider when attempting redesign of the system. First, the health security system must be reformed. NHI and Medical Aid must be amalgamated into one system for increased effectiveness and efficiency of the system. Within the single insurer system of the NHI must be an internal market for maximum efficiency. The NHIS must be separated into regions so that regional organizers have greater responsibility over their actions. Although insurance must continue to be imposed nationally, risk-adjustment must be distributed regionally and assessed by different regional systems. Second, as a solution for the decreasing flow of insurance revenue, low premium level must be increased to an appropriate level. Likewise, the national reserve fund (No. 36, National Health Insurance Act) must be enlarged for re-unification preparation. Third, there must be revolutionary reform of benefit package. The current system built a focus on communicable diseases which is inappropriate in this NCD era. Medical benefits must not be one-time events but provide chronic disease management. Chronic care models, accountable care organization, patient-centered medical homes, and other systems that introduce various benefit packages for beneficiaries must be implemented. The reimbursement system of medical costs should be introduced to various systems for different types of care, as is the case with part C (Medicare Advantage Program) of America's Medicare system that substitutes part A and part B. Pay for performance must be expanded so that there is not only improvement in quality of care but also medical costs. Moreover, beneficiaries of the NHI system must be aware of the amount of their expenditure through a deductible payment system so that spending can be profiled and monitored. The Moon Jae-in Government has announced its plans to expand the NHI system; however, it is important that a discussion forum is created so that more accurate analysis of the NHI, its environments, and current status of health care system, can take place for reforming NHI.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권1_2호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2003

소프트웨어의 사용성은 소프트웨어 제품 평가시, 사용하기 쉬운 정도, 효율성의 정도, 만족도의 정도 등으로 판단되는 소프트웨어의 특성이다. 이러한 사용성은 소프트웨어 제품의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요소이다. 따라서 소프트웨어 제품들은 그 자체의 사용성에 대해 평가를 받고 개선지침을 추출하여 이를 기반으로 지속적인 개선이 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 제품마다 사용성 요소들의 중요도가 다르고, 같은 요소에 대해서도 사용자들은 서로 다른 환경과 지식으로 인해 엇갈린 평가를 내릴 수 있으므로 사용성 평가는 제품의 적합성을 판단하고 개선방향을 얻기 위해 다양한 요소들을 고려하여 개발되는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 기존의 만족도 평가와 수행도 평가는 문제점의 원인 발견 평가결과를 수정에 반영하기 힘들고, 모든 영역에 적용되도록 만들어진, 획일화된 평가항목과 내용으로는 평가 대상 제품의 특징을 반영하기가 어려웠다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 대상 제품의 평가 항목별로 사용자의 정신모형과 감성을 평가하는 모델을 개발하였다. 설계자들의 개념 모형과 사용자의 정신 모형의 일치여부를 평가하여 그 결과를 바탕으로 개선 지침을 제공할 수 있는 평가방법과 시스템에 대한 만족도를 높이고 보다 효과적으로 작업할 수 있도록 하기 위해 사용시의 감성과 이에 영향을 미치는 시스템의 구성요소들을 분석하여 평가하고 개선 지침을 추출하는 감성요소론 기반으로 하는 평가방법을 합하여 개발한 평가 모델을 제안한다. 그리고 이 평가 모델에 대한 사례연구로 GUI 프레임워크를 사례로 채택해서 평가하고 개선 방향을 추출하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 평가 모델은 제품 사용자의 작업분석을 기반으로 추출된 작업항목에 대한 평가요소를 가지고 평가를 수행함으로서, 제품의 특성을 반영할 뿐만 아니라, 수정되어야 할 항목을 정확히 나타내 줌으로서 효과적인 사용성 평가를 가능하게 할 것이다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1979

본시험은 부업양계가나 일반농가에 음급할 우량 겸용계를 작출하기 위하여 시행하였다. 공시품종은 유색겸용종 3개품종을 가지고 교배한 이원교배종 7개교배조합의 시험구 350수를 공시하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1 육추율, 육성율, 성계생존율은 각각 92.3%, 98.3%, 93.1%였으며 육추율은 교배조합간 1% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었고 육성율 및 성계존재율간에는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 2. 8주령체중은 전체평균이 854.41g 교배조합간에는 유의차가 없었으며 300일령 및 500령시의 전체균체중은 2,507.15g과 2,632.25g으로 교배조합간에는 1% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되였다. 3 시산 및 성성숙일령은 각각 173.7일 199.4일 이었고 성성숙일령은 교배조합간에 5% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 4. 전체평균산란율은 65.3%이였고 가장 높은 교배구는 R.N구로 70.5%였으며 교배조합간에는 5% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 500일령의 산난지수전체평균은 202.2개로 가장 높은 교배조합구는 R.N구로 220.4개였다. 5. 전체평균난중은 57.36g으로 가장 높은 교배조합구가 A. N구로 58.3g였으며 교배조합간에는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 6. 1일 평균사료섭취양은 유추기평균이 42.1g, 육성기평균이 83.7g, 산난기평균이 131.1g였고 사료요구율은 전체평균이 3.79로서 R.A교배조합구가 3.42로서 가장 우수하였다. 7. 이상의 결과로 보아 R.A와 R.N 교잡종이 부업양계가 및 일반농가사육용으로 가장 적합하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

농협젖소개량사업소가 1983년부터 2011년까지 산유능력검정 사업을 통해 수집한 438,019두의 산유능력검정자료 1,372,050개의 기록과 유대수입과 수익자료를 개체별로 산정하여 젖소의 초기의 생산수준이 수익에 영향하는 효과를 조사하였다. 초기 (1산과 2산)의 산유능력의 중간 그룹에 해당하는 개체들이 가장 축군내에 오래 머무는 것으로 나타났다. 1산 기준에서는 9,000 kg 이상의 그룹들은 전체 산차 평균 3.13 보다 낮게 나타났으며, 생애착유일에서는 7,000 kg 이하의 그룹과 10,000 kg 이상의 고능력우 그룹에서 평균 1,076.8일 보다 낮게 나타났다. 수명관련 형질에서의 변이를 나타내는 표준편차는 생산수준이 높을수록 적게 나타나고 있다. 2산 기준에서는 11,000 kg 이상의 고능력우들이 전체 평균 3.43산 보다 낮게 나타났다. 착유일수는 12,000 kg 이상 그룹에서 각각 1,212.0일로 가장 높았고, 대체적으로 생산수준과 비례하여 저능력우들이 착유일 수가 낮게 나타났다. 초기 (1산과 2산)의 생산수준에 따른 순수익은 생산수준이 높아짐에 따라 모두 증가하고 있다. 낮은 생산수준에서는 2산보다 1산이 오히려 수익을 더 많이 내는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 높은 단계에서는 순수익이 역전되어 2산에서 높은 수익을 얻고 있다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 볼 때 생산수준이 낮은 개체들이 생산 능력의 수준에 기인하는 것 보다는 번식 또는 기타 관리의 문제로 도태의 위험에 많이 노출되는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 1산 보다 2산에서 산유량 측정에 의한 개체의 평가가 정확성에서 보다 낮을 확률이 높게 나타내어, 생산수준에 의한 수익의 예측은 2산에서 하는 것이 바람직하다. 1산의 경우는 도태를 하는 것은 바람직하지 않지만, 부득이 도태가 필요하면 제한적으로 7,000 kg 이하의 그룹에 속한 개체들을 도태하여야 한다. 결론적으로 수익함수에 포함되는 모든 요소들에 대하여 개량목표에 반영하여야 하나, 생산수준을 활용, 제한적으로 생애수익을 늘릴 수 있도록 하는 데에 이용 될 수 있다.