• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2018

Baekasan Acheon cave located in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do is a natural limestone cave only found in this province. In this study, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of speleothems collected from Baekasan Acheon cave were identified and the capability of carbonate mineral formation by aerobic microorganisms enriched from the cave and the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of carbonate minerals formed by the microorganisms were investigated. The samples of sediments (clay) and speleothems (shelfstone and cave coral) were collected at three sites in the cave. The samples of shelfstone and cave coral were identified mainly as carbonate mineral, Mg-rich calcite, and clay minerals were composed of quartz, muscovite, and vermiculite by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. To cultivate the carbonate forming microorganisms, parts of the sediment and speleothems were placed in D-1 medium containing urea, respectively, and the growth of microorganisms was observed under the aerobic condition at room temperature. The capability of carbonate mineralization of the cultured Baekasan Acheon cave microorganisms was examined through adding 1% (v/v) of the cultured microorganisms and calcium sources, Ca-acetate or Ca-lactate, into the D-1 medium. XRD analysis showed that the microorganisms cultured in cave deposits formed calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$) under all conditions, and these microbial carbonate minerals included calcite and vaterite. The morphological characteristics and chemical composition of biologically formed minerals were observed by SEM-EDS showed various crystal forms such as rhomboid, spherical, perforated surface with Ca, C, and O of major chemical components. The existence of such microorganisms in the cave can contribute the formation of carbonate minerals, and it is likely to affect the geochemical cycles of carbon and calcium in the cave.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2007

Purpose: The ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) are popular diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children, but there are many debates about their clinical significance. The purpose of this study is to clarify the clinical significance of USG, CT and follow-up CT performed subsequently to USG, especially in perforated acute appendicitis in children. Methods: We have reviewed 419 cases of surgically confirmed acute appendicitis in children under the age of sixteen, who had been treated in Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital from March 2002 to February 2006. All the clinical data including the results of USG and CT were collected and analyzed. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of USG were 98.7%, 96.8%, 98.1%, 97.8% in non-perforation group and 90.8%, 100%, 100%, 81.9% in perforation group. Those of CT were 96.4%, 100%, 100%, 96.5% and 86.6%, 100%, 100%, 87.5% respectively. Those of follow-up CT after USG were 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 87.5%, 100%, 100%, 92.0% respectively. The duration of using antibiotics in seven patients showed positive correlation with the interval between two imaging studies (r=0.0472, p=0.019). There was no statistical significance of correlation when these imaging studies performed within 30 hours together. Conclusion: In most of the cases, single choice between USG and CT would be enough to diagnose the acute appendicitis in children. But, it may be helpful to perform CT as early as possible subsequently to USG when there is discrepancy between initial USG and clinical impression.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 2005

Prefrontal cortex is a psychological and metaphysical cortex, which deals with feeling, memory, planning, attention, personality, etc. And it also integrates above-mentioned events with motor control and locomotor activities. Prefrontal cortex works as a highest CNS center, since the above mentioned functions are very important for one's successful life, and further more they are upgraded every moments through memory and learning. Many of these highest functions are supposed to be generated via forebrain basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, fundus striati nucleus, accumbens septi nucleus, septal nucleus, etc.). In this experiment, prefrontal efferent terminals within basal forebrain nuclei were ultrastructurally studied. Spraque Dawley rats, weighing $250{\sim}300g$ each, were anesthetized and their heads were fixed on the stereotaxic apparatus (experimental model, David Kopf Co.). Rats were incised their scalp, perforated a 3mm-wide hole on the right side of skull at the 11mm anterior point from the frontal O point (Ref. 13, Fig. 1), suctioned out the prefrontal cortex including cortex of the frontal pole, with suction instrument. Two days following the operations, small tissue blocks of basal forebrain nuclei were punched out, fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution followed by 2% osmium tetroxide solutions. Ultrathin sections were stained with 1% borax-toluidin blue solution, and the stained sections were obserbed with an electron microscope. Degenerating axon terminals were found within all the basal forbrain nuclei. Numbers of degenerated terminals were largest in the caudate nucleus, next in order, in the fundus striati nucleus, in the accumbens septi nucleus, and the least in the septal nucleus. Only axospinous terminals were degenerated within the caudate nucleus and the fundus striati nucleus, and they showed the characters of striatal motor control system. Axodendritic and axospinous terminals were degenerated within the accumbens septi nucleus and the lateral septal nucleus, and they showed the characters of visceral limbic system. Prefrontal role in integrating the limbic system with the striatal system, en route basal forebrain nuclei, was discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.450-467
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• 1998

To research the characteristics of ion currents induced by inhibitory and excitatory herbs of oriental medicine, we used nystatin-perforated patch clamp technique under voltage clamp condition in periaqueductal gray neuron dissociated from Sprauge-Dawley rat, 10-15 days old. The results are as follows. 1. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Bupleuri Radix was inhibited $59.50{\pm}4.29%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p>0.01) but inhibition of $10.75{\pm}4.77%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $4.75{\pm}4.23%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no statistical significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Bupleuri Radix revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 2. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Coptidis Rhizoma was inhibited $47.20{\pm}7.88%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01) but $3.20{\pm}2.33%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $1.00{\pm}1.00%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Coptidis Rhizoma revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 3. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Ecliptae Herba was inhibited $55.00{\pm}4.92%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline (p<0.01), and also inhibited $15.00{\pm}4.26%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $6.00{\pm}3.03%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Ecliptae Herba showed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current 4. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Liriopis Tuber was inhibited $15.20{\pm}4.57%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline<0.05) and also inhibited $14.00{\pm}3.00%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $5.20{\pm}4.80%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Liriopis Tuber showed GABA. activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current. 5. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Aconiti Tuber was inhibited $97.00{\pm}1.34%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01), $80.00{\pm}9.83%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $24.00{\pm}6.18%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.05). So ion current induced by Aconiti Tuber revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 6. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Zingiberis Rhizoma was inhibited $33.00{\pm}7.43%$ by $10^{-4}$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $10.20{\pm}1.83%$ by $10-^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $14.00{\pm}2.16%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.01) So ion current induced by Zingiberis Rhizoma revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation outtent and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 7. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Boshniakiae Herba was inhibited $65.00{\pm}13.75%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $38.00{\pm}9.24%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), and $33.25{\pm}7.42%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamiHp<0.05). So ion current induced by Bpshniakiae Herba revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. These results suggest that a point of difference between inhibitory and excitatory herbs is existence of$Ca^{2+}$ current.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2010

Research on nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) leaching in turfgrass indicates that in most cases leaching poses minimal risk to the environment. Although there have been many studies investigating $NO_3-N$ leaching, there has been little research to investigate the effect of compaction level and rootzone mix on nitrogen (N) leaching. The research objective is to determine the effect of compaction level and rootzone mix on nitrogen leaching. The four rootzone mixes are 76.0:24.0, 80.8:19.2, 87.0:13.0 and 93.7:6.3 % (sand:soil). The four levels of compaction energies are 1.6, 3.0, 6.1, and 9.1 J $cm^{-2}$. Nitrogen was applied using urea at a rate of 147 kg $ha^{-1}$ split among three applications. Rootzone was packed into a polyvinylchloride pipe with a perforated bottom to facilitate drainage. Rootzone depth was 30 cm over a 5 cm gravel layer. Each column was sodded with Poa pratensis L. Hoagland solution designed for coolseason grasses, minus N, was used to ensure adequate nutrition in the rootzone. Turf grass quality and clipping yield were recorded from each tube at two-week intervals. The clippings were oven-dried at a temperature of $67^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and weighed. At the end of the study, root dry weight was determined by washing and oven-drying samples at $67^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Leachate solution was collected weekly for analysis. More than 6.1 J $cm^{-2}$ of compaction energy increased possibilities of surface runoff. The compaction energy between 3.0 and 6.1 J $cm^{-2}$ produced more clipping dry weight and less N leaching than 9.1 J $cm^{-2}$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.734-745
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• 2017

The effects of combination treatment with sulfur dioxide generating pad ($SO_2$ pad) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on grape quality were examined under simulated exporting condition and actual export to Los Angeles, USA. The 'Campbell Early' grape harvested in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi was precooled at $0^{\circ}C$, selected and packaged at $10^{\circ}C$, and stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The treatment was as follows: general export packaging (control), only $SO_2$ pad, combination of $SO_2$ pad and MAP (perforated polyethylene film, $SO_2$ pad+MA). In case of control and only $SO_2$ pad under simulated exporting condition, the grape quality changes with storage time were decrease in hardness and brush length, increase in stem browning, and increased in shattering rate. The treatment of $SO_2$ pad+MA was the most effective in preserving the grape quality since $SO_2$ concentration inside the package remained around 2.9 ppm by MA film. Grape exports from harvest to local distribution of the USA took 30 days, and only $SO_2$ pad+MA package showed no fungus, maintained brush length and rachis color, and was lowest at 4.0% of shattering rate since the concentration of $SO_2$ in the package was about 4.0 ppm. As a result, it was considered that the combination of $SO_2$ pad and MA was the most effective way to maintain freshness of grape during long-term marine transportation and extend the shelf-life in exporting countries.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-154
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• 2020

In this study, we reviewed the preparation process and the main Uimul involved in the procession of Gyeongsang Gamsa Doim in the late Joseon Dynasty. We reviewed the Yeongyeong- Ilgi, written by Cho, Jae-ho, and the Miam-Ilgicho, wtitten by Yoo Hee-chun. Those who had been appointed as a Gamsa by the Sammang System went through the Saeun and Sajo procedures to thank and say goodbye to the king before leaving for his assignment. The Gyoseo and Yuseo were usually received from the king at this time, but in some cases, they were received in the Seungjeongwon, or the Seori of Seungjeongwon brought them directly to the place where the Gamsa works. The Milbu with the Eoab was received along with the Yuseol, and the principle was to return the Milbu later. The procession of Gamsa is divided into the pre-and post-Gyoinsik procession and the Sunryeok procession. It was confirmed that the pre-Gyoinsik procession was made more compact than the post-Gyoinsik procession. In the study, we reviewed Ilsan, which is necessary for the officials' procession, and also examined the Gyoseo, Yuseo, Jeol·Wol, and Milbu received from the king. We also looked at the Gwan-in and Byeongb given by the former Gamsa at the the Gyoinsik. The Jeol, which means the command and the Wol, which means killing power, were given to the Gamsa. And unlike previous studies, it was confirmed that the Jeol was a perforated hexagon and and the Wol was a trident. Also, it was found that Ilsan is white, and there are two rows of Yuso on each of the six ribs of the umbrella. It is thought that the results of this study, which looked at the Doim process and Uimul by dividing the Gyeongsang-Gamsa Doim procession in the late Joseon Dynasty pre-and post-Gyoinsik, will be helpful in understanding the process of Gasmsa Doim. In addition, it is expected that it can be used as basic data for reproduction event of traditional culture related to Gwana, such as the reproduction of Gyeongsang-Gamsa Doim-Sunlyeok procession and Gyoinsik.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.923-929
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• 2022

The Chuncheon Mullori area is an underprivileged area of water welfare where local water supply is not supplied, and it is supplying water to the villages with small water supply facilities using lateral flow and groundwater as water sources. This is an area with poor water supply conditions, such as relying on water trucks due to water shortages during the recent severe drought. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of water shortage during drought and to prepare for the increasing water demand, a sand dam was installed along the valley, and this facility has been operating since May 2022. In this study, repeated simulations were performed according to the hydraulic conductivity of the filler material and the storage coefficient value for the inflow condition for about two years from mid-March 2020 to mid-March 2022. For each case, the amount of discharge through the perforated drain pipe was calculated. Overall, as the hydraulic conductivity increased, the amount of discharge and its ratio increased. However, when the hydraulic conductivity of the second floor was relatively low, the amount of discharge increased and then decreased as the hydraulic conductivity of the third floor increased. This is considered to be due to the fact that the water level was kept low due to the rapid drainage compared to the net inflow into the third floor because the water permeability of the third floor and the drainage coefficient of the drain pipe were large. As a result of simulating the flow of the open channel in the upper part of the sand dam as a hypothetical groundwater layer with very high hydraulic conductivity, the decrease in discharge rate was slower than the increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the hypothetical layer, but it was clearly shown that the discharge volume decreased relatively as the hydraulic conductivity of the virtual layer increased.