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Carbonate Biomineralization Using Speleothems and Sediments from Baekasan Acheon Cave (Limestone Cave) in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea

전남 화순군 백아산 아천동굴(석회동굴) 동굴생성물을 이용한 생광물화작용 연구

  • Kim, Yumi (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Seo, Hyunhee (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Jo, Kyoung-nam (Department of Geology, Gangwon National University) ;
  • Jung, Dayae (Department of Geology, Gangwon National University) ;
  • Shin, Seungwon (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Huh, Min (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Roh, Yul (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University)
  • 김유미 (전남대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 서현희 (전남대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 조경남 (강원대학교 지질학과) ;
  • 정다예 (강원대학교 지질학과) ;
  • 신승원 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) ;
  • 허민 (전남대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 노열 (전남대학교 지구환경과학과)
  • Received : 2018.06.07
  • Accepted : 2018.06.29
  • Published : 2018.06.30

Abstract

Baekasan Acheon cave located in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do is a natural limestone cave only found in this province. In this study, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of speleothems collected from Baekasan Acheon cave were identified and the capability of carbonate mineral formation by aerobic microorganisms enriched from the cave and the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of carbonate minerals formed by the microorganisms were investigated. The samples of sediments (clay) and speleothems (shelfstone and cave coral) were collected at three sites in the cave. The samples of shelfstone and cave coral were identified mainly as carbonate mineral, Mg-rich calcite, and clay minerals were composed of quartz, muscovite, and vermiculite by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. To cultivate the carbonate forming microorganisms, parts of the sediment and speleothems were placed in D-1 medium containing urea, respectively, and the growth of microorganisms was observed under the aerobic condition at room temperature. The capability of carbonate mineralization of the cultured Baekasan Acheon cave microorganisms was examined through adding 1% (v/v) of the cultured microorganisms and calcium sources, Ca-acetate or Ca-lactate, into the D-1 medium. XRD analysis showed that the microorganisms cultured in cave deposits formed calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$) under all conditions, and these microbial carbonate minerals included calcite and vaterite. The morphological characteristics and chemical composition of biologically formed minerals were observed by SEM-EDS showed various crystal forms such as rhomboid, spherical, perforated surface with Ca, C, and O of major chemical components. The existence of such microorganisms in the cave can contribute the formation of carbonate minerals, and it is likely to affect the geochemical cycles of carbon and calcium in the cave.

전라남도 화순군에 위치한 백아산 아천동굴은 전남지역에서 발견된 유일한 석회동굴이다. 이 연구에서는 백아산 아천동굴 내부에서 채취한 동굴생성물(동굴산호, 붕암)과 주변 점토 퇴적물의 광물학적 특성을 확인하고, 생성물 내에 존재하는 호기성 미생물을 농화배양하여 탄산염광물을 형성하는 생광물화작용에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구를 위한 시료는 동굴 내 세 지점에서 점토, 동굴산호, 붕암을 채취하였다. XRD 분석결과, 동굴산호와 붕암은 주로 탄산염광물인 Mg가 풍부한 방해석(Mg-rich calcite)으로 이루어져 있었고, 점토는 석영, 백운모, 질석으로 구성되어 있었다. 탄산염광물 형성 미생물의 농화배양을 위하여 각각 소량의 동굴생성물을 D-1 배지에 넣고 상온의 호기 조건에서 미생물을 배양하였다. 그리고 미생물들의 탄산염광물 형성능을 확인하고자 요소가 포함된 D-1 배지에 칼슘이온(Ca-acetate, Ca-lactate)을 주입한 후 각 시료로부터 농화배양된 미생물 배양액을 1% (v/v)씩 주입하였다. 그 결과 모든 조건에서 흰색의 침전물이 형성되었으며, XRD 분석결과 침전물이 방해석과 바테라이트(vaterite)로 구성된 것을 확인하였다. SEM-EDS 분석 결과 Ca, C, O를 주성분으로 하는 능면체, 구형, 주상형의 탄산칼슘이 관찰되었다. 따라서 백아산 아천동굴 내 영구암대에 분포하는 임의의 동굴생성물로부터 확인된 미생물들은 동굴생성물 형성에 관여하고 탄소와 칼슘의 지화학적 순환에 기여했을 것으로 추정된다.

Keywords

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  1. Cave geologic characteristics and speleogenesis of Baek-ah-san cave (Provincial monument No. 24) in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea vol.55, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.1.21