• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.197-210
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support and perception of self-confidence in children by grade, sex, and other related variables. The subjects were 136 third-graders, 143 sixth-graders, and 161 eighth-graders in public schools located in Pusan. Instruments were Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children and the Social Support Appraisal Scale (SSAS). The SSAS is a 31-item measure that taps children's perception of family, peer, and teacher support. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentile, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. The main results showed that (1) children in 6th and 8th grades perceived higher peer support than children in 3rd grade, (2) except for social acceptance, the children in higher grades perceived themselves lower in self-competence than the children in lower grades, (3) there was a positive relationship between children's perception of self-competence and social support, and (4) the variables which influenced children's self-perception were, in descending order: socioeconomic status(${\beta}=.52$), age(${\beta}=.21$), social support(${\beta}=.10$). These three variables explained 38% of the children' self-perception.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to identify education expenditure and to analyze contributing factors to total education expenditure for two children among married couples. For these purposes, total sample of 1,256 married couples those having two children of both pre-school aged and school aged were selected, and total sample was divided into four groups by first child's school aged; those were pre-school aged(375), elementary school aged(385), middle & high school aged(248) & college aged(248). Statistics used for the analysis were frequencies, means, percentile, and tobit and OLS analysis. The results were as follows. First, the households those having the first child of pre-school aged didn't spent for public education expenditure, while public education xpenditure of school aged increased continuously. The households having the first child of high school aged spent the most private education expenditure among four groups, however, total education expenditure of the households having the first child in college aged spent the most education expenditure were household head's age, family size, home ownership and financial asset amount, and elementary school-aged's factors were household head's age, education level, home ownership and total household income. Also, household head's education level, wife's expectation of future economy, residence, total household income had significant effects on total education expenditure in middle and high school-aged, and household head's job, home ownership, contact with neighborhood, residence and Engel's coefficient were significant variables in college aged.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare dietary intake and quality obtained by food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and 24-hour recall method among 1249 Korean adults living in rural area. The survey was conducted twice; first with 65-items FFQ by interview and then with 24-hour recall method two years later. Nutrients intake estimated from two dietary methods showed significant difference. For nutrients except fat and iron, average intake value estimated from the FFQ were significantly higher than that from the 24-hour recall method(p<0.001). Ranking of the subjects by nutrient intake levels obtained by two methods were significantly correlated, but correlation coefficients were low. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 45% to 61%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category ranged from 7% to 15%. Subjects' percentile rank of nutrient intake by 24-hour recall correlated with their average rank of nutrient intake by FFQ. Information on food groups by two method were not comparable because of the limited number of food items in FFQ. For most nutrients, RDA% or NAR from FFQ were higher than those from 24-hour recall, but INQ from 24-hour recall were higher than those from FFQ. From the results, results of 24-hour recall method seems to be useful in classifying subjects according to their nutrient intake if sample size is large enough.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.63-74
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• 1998

This study aims to explore children's perception of, and satisfaction with, outdoor playground within their own residential area. In addition, it aims to provide essential data relevant to the building of outdoor playground for children which will both accord with their biological development and meet their needs. The subjects for this study were 866 children of the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grade living in Taegu Metropolitan City. Data were gathered via questionnaries and analysed by frequencies, percentile, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, scheff test, and regression analysis. The major findings of the study are as follows; 1. As regards the interest children showed in using the playground, the percentage of those who showed 'no interest' was higher than that of those who showed 'interest', indication that the children did not have a strong interest in using the playground. The older the children were, the lower was their degree of interest. 2. As regards desirable outdoor playground facilities, 'toilet' was considered the most important, followed by 'drinks facilities' and 'sunblinds', indicating that children were not satisfied with existing leisure and rest facilities. 3. As regards the degree to which children's satisfaction with the outdoor playground influenced their overall satisfaction, it was found that the higher their satisfaction was with the different kinds of play facilities, the patterns of play facilities and the layout of the play facilities, the higher was their overall satisfaction with the playground.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.43-63
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate how much individual, relational, and contextual variables have an effect on the dating violence of premarital males and females. Researched are 369 male and female residents over 19 years who have experienced dating or were involved in any dating relationships in Daegu. The instruments of measurement are CTSⅡ scale and scales of relation to individual, relational, and contextual variables. The data are analysed through factor analysis, Cronbach's α, frequency, percentile, and stepwise regression analysis. The major findings of this study are as follows: First, individual variables that affect doing and victimization of dating violence are one's permission degree of dating violence, and psychological abuses experienced during childhood from one's mother. Second, relational variables that affect doing and victimization of dating violence are control toward one's partner, communication, conflict, commitment, intimacy, satisfaction of dating relationship, and feeling of inferiority toward one's partner. Third, contextual variables that affect doing and victimization of dating violence are familial relationships, friend relationships, and financial stresses.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2010

Based on a nationwide survey of the consumption of oriental medicine by the Korean population, we estimated the potential risk from the inadvertent ingestion of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, As, and Cd as a result such consumption. Compared to the provisional daily intake limit, heavy metal intake through oriental medicine resulted in hazard quotients of less than one. The upper $90^{th}$ percentile exposure estimates for each metal also showed insignificant risk. In relation to inorganic forms that are known carcinogens the excess cancer risk was less than $1{\times}10^7$. Based on the results of this study exposure to Pb, Hg, As, or Cd through oriental medicine intake appeared to be negligible and would not cause a significant impact on health.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.211-223
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• 2001

This study analyzed the financial ratio change of self-employed households between 1997 and 1998. The data were drawn from Korean Households Panel Study and utilitze7 descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentile to investigate the differences between two period of time, 1997 and 1998. The sampe size in 1997 was 692 householdsand and 600 households in 1998. The mean of financial asset showed that in 1997, self-employed households had much less in liquidity assets, especially in bank-related income, stock, but had more in real-estate, Gye, and private loan than those in 1998. In cases of debt-owned, the self-employed tended to have more debt in non-bank related and it illustrates that the self-employed may experience the difficulties to access the financial assistance in economic depression. Using guideline of each ratios, for six financial ratios, self-employed could meet less proper level$ in 1998 compared to those in 1997. It proves that the economic crisis affect the stability of income and financial assets of self-employed households and types of financial assets changes because of the stability.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.3 s.47
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• pp.85-98
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• 2000

The purpose of this research is to examine the university students' stress and relationship satisfaction with their mother. For this purpose , 420 students were selected in Seoul area, and data were analyzed by the statistical methods, such as the Cronbach'a coefficient, Frequency, Percentile, Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, One-Way ANOVA, Peason's Corelation and stepwised Multiple Regression Analysis though SPSS win PC+. The main results are as followed: (1) University students experience stress some extent through all the areas such as communication, dating, choosing occupation, daily activity, or pocket money. But the level of stress shows lower tendency relatively. (2)Students with the lower self-differentiation perceive more stress from mother. When using avoidance coping and personnel dependence coping, the level of stress is high. (3)Several variables(problem-focused coping, self-differentiation of emotional independence, avoidance coping, communication stress, daily activity stress, and sentimental self-differentiation) significiently influence relationship satisfaction with their mother. These variables explain 52% of the satisfaction with mother.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.191-205
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the planning styles and the differences of the level of planning styles according to individuals, family related variables and perceived adequacy of resources. The subjects of the study were 560 wives living in seoul and Daejeon. Survey methods were questionnaire. Data analysis strategies were percentile, frequency, Pearson's correlation, factor analysis, oneway analysis and multiple classification analysis. The major findings were as follows : 1) Planning styles were categorized into three factors. They were labeled resource-centered, goal-centered, constrained planning style. 2) wives tended to more frequently use a goal-centered planning style. 3) The perceived adequacy of health resource, the perceived adequacy of inter-personnal resource and occupation of husband were significant predictors of the level of resource-centered planning style. 4) The perceived adequacy of money resource was significant predictors of the level of constrained planning style. 5) The perceived adequacy of money resource and the age of youngest child were significant predictors of the level of goal-centered planning style.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.53-74
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors that influence marital conflicts and family life statisfaction, and to predict the future stage of establishment family and extending family, bsed on the theretical model by system approach. For this pourpose, 336 couples of urban households in Seoul were selected. The data were analysed through statistical methods such as, Frequency, percentile, T-test, F-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis. The results were as follow : The Martial Conflict and family life satisfaction of surveyed couples were above middle level. It had significantly differences according to family life cycle, husband and wife's educationed levels, husband and wife's occupations, and family income. And Family life satisfaction had significantly differences according to marital conflict. The marital conflict is higher, life satisfaction is lower. In this study, it were appeared that the amount of marital conflict and life satisfaction had differences according to life cycle stages, husband and wife's educational level, husband and wife occupations, and family income, and so that the conflict of phsycho-social system was more affected on family life satisfaction that of managerial system. Such results were indicated that the birth of children was the critical family event affecting on family life satisfaction on and the marital conflict. But the conflict by family's given resources and situational differences also as an environment affection on the family system.