• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.50
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• pp.318.1-318.10
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• 2018

Background: In this prospective cohort study, we investigated the association between fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in meconium as biomarkers of prenatal ethanol exposure and growth deficits, as birth outcomes, that constitute several of the key cardinal features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Methods: A total of 157 meconium samples were collected from enrolled infants within 24 hours of birth, and nine FAEEs were quantified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The relationships between cumulative concentrations of nine species of FAEEs in meconium and birth parameters of growth (age-sex-specific centiles of head circumference [HC], weight, and length) and respective and combined birth outcomes of growth deficits (HC ${\leq}10th$ centile, weight ${\leq}10th$ centile, and length ${\leq}10th$ centile) were determined. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher cumulative concentrations of meconium FAEEs correlated with elevated risks for HC and length, both, 10th percentile or less (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-7.74; P = 0.029) and HC and weight and length, all of them, 10th percentile or less (aOR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.12-9.59; P = 0.031). Conclusion: The elevated cumulative FAEEs in meconium were associated with combined growth deficits at birth, specifically HC and length, both, 10th percentile or less, which might be correlated with detrimental alcohol effects on fetal brain and bone development, suggesting a plausible alcohol-specific pattern of intrauterine growth restriction.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.289-299
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• 2019

The tendency to use a probabilistic design method rather than a deterministic design method for the design of nuclear power plants (NPPs) will increase because their safety should be considered and strictly controlled in relation to various causes of damage. The distance between a seismically isolated NPP structure and a moat wall is called the clearance to stop. The clearance to stop is obtained from the 90th percentile displacement response of a seismically isolated NPP subject to a beyond design basis earthquake (BDBE) in the probabilistic design method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of heating and buckling effects on the 90th percentile displacement response of a lead-rubber bearing (LRB) subject to a BDBE. The analysis results show that considering the heating and buckling effects to estimate the clearance to stop is conservative in the evaluation of the 90th percentile displacement response. If these two effects are not taken into account in the calculation of the clearance to stop, the underestimation of the clearance to stop causes unexpected damage because of an increase in the collision probability between the moat wall and the seismically isolated NPP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between relative handgrip strength (HGS/BMI) and obesity (BMI above 95th percentile) in adolescents. Methods: The subjects of the study were 637 out of 701 adolescents aged 10~18 who participated in the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES), excluding those with missing values in body mass index (BMI) and handgrip strength (HGS). The relative handgrip strength (HGS/BMI) value was divided by quartile and composite sample logistic regression analysis was performed to see its relationship with obesity (BMI above 95th percentile). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results: As a result of analyzing HGS according to gender-specific quartiles, age, height, and weight of male adolescents increased significantly as HGS/BMI increased (p trend<.001). In addition, as HGS/BMI increased, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol decreased significantly (p trend<.001). In the case of female adolescents, age and height increased significantly as HGS/BMI increased (p trend<.001). HGS/BMI was lower in the obese group (p=.023), while total cholesterol was higher in the obese group(BMI above 95th percentile) than in the non-obese group. As a result of the composite sample logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) decreased significantly as the quartile increased in both male and female adolescents. Conclusion: According to these results, a follow-up study is needed to confirm the factors affecting muscle strength of adolescents. In addition, this study intends to be used as basic data to conduct further research and to develop programs that can improve muscle strength and reduce obesity in adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.630-641
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• 2022

Purpose: In this study, we assessed the intake of nutrients and food groups and analyzed the nutrition quotient of obese children in South Korea. The hypothesis was that dietary quality and nutrient intake are related to the body mass index (BMI) of obese children. Methods: The participants included 48 children (20 boys and 28 girls). Based on the guidelines for the age-for-body mass index provided by the Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents, the participants were divided into 3 groups: overweight, BMI ≥ 85th percentile; obese, BMI ≥ 95th percentile; severely obese, BMI ≥ 99th percentile. Results: The energy distribution showed that the carbohydrate ratio was significantly higher in the overweight group (p < 0.01), whereas the fat ratio was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese groups (p < 0.05). Thus, in the overweight and obese groups, the percent body fat was negatively associated with the carbohydrate ratio (p < 0.05) but was positively associated with the fat ratio (p < 0.05). The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) data revealed that the intake levels of protein, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₁₂, and sodium were higher in all groups. Intakes of fiber, calcium, potassium, and magnesium were insufficient in all groups, and the DRI percent for protein was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese groups than in the overweight group. No significant differences were obtained in food group patterns or Nutrition Quotient (NQ) scores among the 3 groups. According to the evaluation results by food record and NQ, a significant difference was obtained in the dietary quality of obese children. Conclusion: We conclude that a higher intake of fat enhances weight gain. Based on the study results, we propose that the guidelines should consider the energy distribution of carbohydrate and fat intake to prevent and control obesity among Korean children.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

Objectives We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Korean medical critical pathway (CP) in treating childhood anorexia. Methods In total, 21 patients who met the criteria and agreed to provide information were assigned to the CP group, while 24 patients who met the criteria, agreed to provide information, but disagreed with CP application were assigned to the non-CP group. Demographic, clinical, and economic indices were compared between the two groups. Clinical indices before and after treatment were also compared between the two groups. Results In the CP group, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, and food approach (FAP) increased significantly after treatment, and numeric rating scale (NRS) and food avoidance (FAV) scores decreased significantly. In the non-CP group, height, weight, weight percentile, BMI, BMI percentile, and FAP increased significantly, whereas NRS and FAV decreased significantly after treatment. Compared to the non-CP group, CP application increased FAP and decreased FAV, medical expenses per consultation, and the total treatment period. Conclusions The application of the Korean medical critical pathway for childhood anorexia is an effective cure system that decreases overall medical expenses with good-quality treatment by means of the standardization of medical practices.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2020

'20년 3월 현재 전국 3,502개 읍면동 중 73개 읍면동이 지하수를 상수원으로 급수 중이며, 48개 산업단지에서 지하수를 주 수원으로 사용 중이다. 또한 급수 소외지역의 물 공급을 위해 주로 사용되는 소규모수도시설 14,811개 중 12,073개(81.5%)는 지하수를 이용하고 있으며, 그 위치는 전국에 산재해 있다. 이처럼 지하수는 댐, 저수지 및 하천과 더불어 생·공용수의 중요한 수원이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 급수 소외지역의 주요 수원인 지하수위 현황을 이용한 가뭄 모니터링 및 전망 기법을 개발하고자 하였다. 국가 지하수관측망 중 10년 이상 장기 관측 자료를 보유한 253개 관측소의 일단위 관측자료를 기반으로, 과거 관측수위 분포를 핵밀도함수로 추정하고 Quantile Function을 이용해 현재 수위의 높고 낮은 정도를 Percentile 값으로 산정하였다. 관측소별 지하수위 Percentile은 티센망을 이용해 167개 시군별로 공간평균하고 Percentile의 범위에 따른 가뭄등급을 설정하여 지하수 가뭄 정도를 모니터링 할 수 있는 기법을 제시하였다. 또한 지하수 가뭄을 전망하기 위해 강수와 지하수위의 거시적인 응답특성을 이용하였다. 관측소별로 추정된 핵밀도함수의 누적확률을 표준정규분포의 Quantile로 변환하여 표준지하수지수I(Standardized Groundwater level Index, SGI)를 산정하고, 시군별로 공간을 일치시킨 1~12개월 지속기간별 표준강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI)와의 상관관계를 이용해 NARX(nonlinear autoregressive exogenous) 인공신경망 예측모형을 구축하였다. 이를 통해 기상청 정량전망 강수량을 이용해 전국의 1~3개월 후 지하수 가뭄을 빠르게 전망할 수 있는 체계를 구축하고, 생·공용수 분야 국가 가뭄 예·경보의 미급수지역 가뭄현황 및 전망에 활용중이다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2024

Purpose: Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children is a major challenge for pediatricians. This study was designed to investigate the risk factors for recurrent UTIs and determine the association between recurrent UTIs and clinical findings, including growth patterns in infants and children younger than 24 months of age. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 147 patients <24 months of age with UTIs who were hospitalized between August 2018 and October 2021. The patients were divided into recurrent and single UTI episode groups. Clinical findings and anthropometric and laboratory data were compared between the two groups. Results: In the recurrent UTI group, the weight-for-length (WFL) percentile at the first UTI diagnosis was lower compared to the single UTI episode group, and the weight-for-age percentile at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups after the first UTI decreased (all P<0.05). In univariable logistic regression analysis, higher birth weight, lower WFL percentile, the presence of hydronephrosis, acute pyelonephritis or vesicoureteral reflux, the use of prophylactic antibiotics, and non-Escherichia coli infections were associated with the development of recurrent UTIs (all P<0.05). However, in the multivariable analysis, only the presence of hydronephrosis and prophylactic antibiotic use were independently related to UTI recurrence (P<0.05). Conclusions: The presence of hydronephrosis at the first UTI can be helpful for predicting UTI recurrence in young children aged <24 months. Antibiotic prophylaxis may be associated with UTI recurrence. Potential growth delay should be carefully monitored in infants with recurrent UTI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.998-1006
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• 2008

Purpose : Hypertension is defined as average systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure that is ${\geq}95^{th}$ percentile for gender, age, and height on ${\geq}three$ occasions. Knowing that blood pressure values increase in children as they grow older, the purposes of this study were to measure blood pressure by an oscillometric device and to determine normal values and percentile curves for children. Methods : Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice with an oscillometric device in 3,545 boys and 3,145 girls under six years of age, in Seoul. Using this data, we determined average blood pressure values and percentile curves based on gender and age; we subdivided these values into blood pressures of $50^{th}$, $90^{th}$, $95^{th}$, and $99^{th}$ percentiles, by percentile of height. The regression coefficients and standard deviations of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were obtained from linear regression models. Results : Older boys and girls had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Older boys and girls in the same percentile of height for age had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Taller boys and girls within the same age group had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Conclusion : Blood pressure standards based on gender, age, and height were obtained via an oscillometric method. Llimitation of this study is that the study population was not from the whole country, but exclusively from Seoul. Nonetheless, the data from this study will be helpful in diagnosing and managing hypertension in Korean children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1138-1146
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• 2016

This study was performed to estimate daily intakes of aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle and evaluate their potential health risks for Koreans. Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated, whereas the actual level of aluminum in Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food consumption amount was drawn from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-1). In analysed samples, aluminum values ranged from 0.54~564.38 mg/kg in peeled Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle samples (n=53) and from 0.72~28.05 mg/kg in unpeeled ones (n=40). Statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was detected according to the type of skin. To estimate the dietary intake of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle, a total of 7,242 respondents (scenario I) were compared to 227 Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle consumption subjects (scenario II). Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated based on point estimates. Level of safety for aluminum was evaluated by comparison with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 1 mg/kg bw, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. For scenario I, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.001 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.033 mg/kg bw/d, and 95th percentile estimated daily intake was 0.610 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle had a mean weekly intake that was the 23.1% of PTWI.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2012

Objectives: We investigated weight gain effects of the Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang ($B\check{u}f\grave{e}ich\acute{e}ngzh\check{a}ngz\bar{e}ngb\check{u}$-tang) on thin Korean preschool children with frequent common cold or chronic rhinitis Methods Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang was empirically composed of 14 herbs for treating indigestion, and common cold or chronic rhinitis. We analyzed 60 preschool children who have visited Kim Kijoon Oriental Clinic BOM from Jan. 1, 2006 to Aug. 31, 2011 with three criteria: 1) 2~5yrs of age and BMI<50th percentile 2) children those who had taken the Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang for 1~3 month (s), 3) Availability of records on before/after treatment within 3 months. Weight gain of the children after treatment was evaluated by the changes of BMI percentile compared to pre-treatment. Results Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang significantly improved BMI percentile in all groups (1 month: $21.33{\pm}10.04$ vs $26.43{\pm}13.16$, p<0.001; 2 months: $21.90{\pm}10.28$ vs $29.03{\pm}15.06$, p<0.001; 3 months: $19.06{\pm}10.04$ vs $35.71{\pm}17.40$, p=0.001). Gender, age and pre-treatment BMI had no significant effects on the effectiveness of Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang. Conclusions: Bofesungjangjeungbo-tang positively affected weight gain in 2~5yrs Korean preschool children with BMI below 50 percentile within 1~3 month (s) of treatment. However, additional studies on functional dyspepsia or the change of energy intake are needed to understand the factors related to weight gains.