• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.279-294
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine values and value changes in clinical nurses in clinical situations. A survey was conducted of 200 nurses of one of university hospital in Seoul Korea. This study was conducted between July 1 and July 5, 1994, using the Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV) developed by L. V. Gordon, and standardized for Korea by Kyung Hye Lee & Eung Yun Hwang. The results of the study were as follows, 1. The clinical nurses surveyed showed Independence(18.32 : 63rd percentile) as their highest value, with Support(14.8 : 62nd percentile) next and then Benevolence(16.28 53rd percentile), Leadership(9.06 : 46th percentile), Conformity(18.15 : 42nd percentile) and Recognition(18.32 : 41s1 percentile) in that order in the area of general values. Using a standardised women's value Indicator, the clinical nurses value orientation was within the 32nd∼69th percentile indicating means found among Korean women in general. 2. Looking at how the values were related to demographics, Leadership was most highly valued among the 30∼34 year olds and least valued among the 25∼29 year olds. Unmarried nurses valued Independence more than married nurses did, and junior college graduate nurses valued Conformity more than baccalaureate graduate nurses did. 3. The study showed that the values of with less than one year (16.00) clinical experience were higher than those who had over 10 years (13.60) clinical experience (p<.05). Therefore clinical experience did not positively influence value orientation for clinical nurses. 4. There was no significant differences in the value of nurses in relation to their workplace, their level of motivation, or their aptitude. The study shows that clinical nurses have similar values compared with ordinary Korean women. This means that professional nurses may not be able to satisfy client needs and also that they do not have satisfaction and a positive attitude regarding the nursing profession. Therefore it is suggested that new strategies and continuing education programs be established to help clinical nurses fomulate higher values.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2016

Quantile regression is an efficient method for predicting and estimating the relationship between explanatory variables and percentile points of the response distribution, particularly for extreme percentiles of the distribution. To study the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity, we here applied quantile regression. This cross-sectional study was conducted for 9 cancers in 345 cities in 2007 in Iran. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity was investigated using quantile regression and least square regression. Fitting models were compared using AIC criteria. R (3.0.1) software and the Quantreg package were used for statistical analysis. With the quantile regression model all percentiles for breast, colorectal, prostate, lung and pancreas cancers demonstrated increasing incidence rate with urbanization. The maximum increase for breast cancer was in the 90th percentile (${\beta}$=0.13, p-value<0.001), for colorectal cancer was in the 75th percentile (${\beta}$=0.048, p-value<0.001), for prostate cancer the 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.55, p-value<0.001), for lung cancer was in 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.52, p-value=0.006), for pancreas cancer was in 10th percentile (${\beta}$=0.011, p-value<0.001). For gastric, esophageal and skin cancers, with increasing urbanization, the incidence rate was decreased. The maximum decrease for gastric cancer was in the 90th percentile(${\beta}$=0.003, p-value<0.001), for esophageal cancer the 95th (${\beta}$=0.04, p-value=0.4) and for skin cancer also the 95th (${\beta}$=0.145, p-value=0.071). The AIC showed that for upper percentiles, the fitting of quantile regression was better than least square regression. According to the results of this study, the significant impact of urbanization on cancer morbidity requirs more effort and planning by policymakers and administrators in order to reduce risk factors such as pollution in urban areas and ensure proper nutrition recommendations are made.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

The smart-phone has become a necessity for most people. In this study, we determined that using a smart-phone for 20 minutes can cause increased neck and shoulder muscle activities and fatigue. Seventeen healthy male smart-phone users who attended Yonsei University played a smart-phone game for 20 minutes and changes in their bilateral cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius muscle activities and fatigue were measured. To assess muscle activities and fatigue, we used the following variables: the median frequency, the 50th percentile Amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) value (median load), and the discrepancy in the 90th percentile APDF value and the 10th percentile APDF value (APDF range). A paired t-test was used to compare pre-smart-phone-use status with post-smart-phone-use-status. The median frequency of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius decreased significantly after 20 minutes of smart-phone use (p<.05). In addition, the 50th percentile APDF value of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the right upper trapezius increased significantly (p<.05). The APDF range of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius also increased significantly (p<.05). However, the 50th percentile APDF range of the left upper trapezius was not significantly different (p>.05). These findings suggest that using smart-phones for 20 minutes can induce muscle fatigue and increased neck and shoulder muscle activities.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze factors that enhance growth effect after the administration of Boyangsungjang-Tang (補陽成長湯) to children and adolescents. Methods This clinical study has been carried out with 112 children and adolescents, who visited one University Oriental Medicine Hospital Pediatric department, from January 2009 to December 2010. They were treated on height-growth with Boyangsungjang-Tang (補陽成長湯). We used modified-intend to treat analysis to examine children who had their height and weight records six months after the treatment. We use PASW Statistics 18.0 to analyze what factors (Height percentile, Weight percentile, Age, Birth weight, Frequency of taking Medicine, Period of Treatment) enhanced the growth by using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis. Results The mean value of the height percentile were significantly increased, $2.83{\pm}10.04$ ($36.61{\pm}27.02$ to $39.44{\pm}26.89$, P=0.004). The height percentile difference has significantly correlated with weight percentile (P<0.001) and height percentile (P<0.05). Weight less than 50 percentile (P<0.05), and treatment period more than 15 months (P<0.05) had significant impact on the height percentile differences. Conclusions If we have treated more than 15 months of Boyangsungjang-Tang (補陽成長湯) to children and adolescents whose weight are less than 50 percentile, we would have expected their height percentile to increase as $5.72{\pm}10.64$.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2007

Objectives The object of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Ryodoraku score in the Children who visited Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Oriental Medicinewith Growth treatment as a chief complaint. Methods Subjects were 58 children who visited Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Oriental Medicine the first time with Growth treatment as a chief complaint. We measured the height and Ryodoraku score, and we also checked bone age from some of them. This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of Ryodoraku score in children with Growth treatment as a chief complaint. Results and Conclusions The results were follows 1. The average value of Ryodoraku score in 58 children was $41.8800{\pm}13.82641$. 2. The value of H1(肺), H5(三焦), H6(大腸), H2(心包), H3(心), F4(膀胱) and F5(膽) had significant statistical differences compared to its total average. 3. The value of F3(腎) had no relationship with Mid-Parental Height(MPH) percentile. 4. The value of F1(脾), F3(腎) and total average was classified by the height percentile values when children visitedand the difference between the predicted height percentile, and it resulted as there were no relationship between those two

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between pediatric weakness scale scores and growth indices. Furthermore, we intended to calculate the cut-off values for diagnosing Kidney Weak Children through growth indices. Methods A total of 193 patients, aged 6 - 12 years, underwent both the pediatric weakness scale and bone age assessment, and the correlations between the pediatric weakness scale and growth indices were analyzed. Moreover, the cut-off values for diagnosing Kidney Weak Children were calculated. Differences in bone age and predicted height between the normal group and Kidney Weak Children, classified according to the calculated cut-off values, were analyzed. Results The weakness of the Shin or kidney system was significantly correlated with the height percentile, weight percentile, differences in current height percentile and mid parental height percentile, differences in predicted height and mid parental height, and differences in bone age and chronological age. When the criteria for diagnosing Kidney Weak Children is set at "height percentile of ≤25% and weight percentile of ≤25%", the sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off value were maximized. The cut-off values for weakness of the Shin or kidney system were 9 in children aged 6 - 9 years and 10 in children aged 10 - 12 years. Conclusions To diagnose Kidney Weak Children, the cut-off values of weakness of the Shin or kidney system were 9 in children aged 6 - 9 years and 10 in children aged 10 - 12 years.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1995

We construct the approximate bootstrap confidence intervals for reliability (R) when the distributions of strength and stress are both normal. Also we propose percentile, bias correct (BC), bias correct acceleration (BCa), and percentile-t intervals for R. We compare with the accuracy of the proposed bootstrap confidence intervals and classical confidence interval based on asymptotic normal distribution through Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the confidence intervals by bootstrap method work better than classical confidence interval. In particular, confidence intervals by BC and BCa method work well for small sample and/or large value of true reliability.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

확률론적 지진재해도 분석은 지진자료에 내재된 필연적인 불확실성을 효과적으로 반영하기 위한 방법으로, 다수의 지진 지체 모델과 감쇄식이 가중치와 함께 고려된다. 확률론적 지진재해도 분석을 통하여 산출된 재해도는 일반적으로 최대지반가속도에 대한 값으로, 연초과확률로 표시된다. 또 다수의 지진자료에 의해 발생되는 재해도의 불확실성 범위를 표시하기 위하여 평균 재해도 곡선뿐 아니라 15, 50, 85 백분위수의 곡선도 함께 도시한다. 따라서 백분위수는 산출된 재해도의 불확실성 범위를 나타내는 중요한 역할을 수행하게 되며 지진자료에 의한 가중치와 산출된 재해도의 관계를 이용한 여러 가지 방법에 의해 계산된다. 본 연구에서는 백분위수 분석 방법으로 중요도 누적법, 재해도 가중법, 최우법, 적률법을 선정하여 신울진 1,2호기의 확률론적 지진재해도분석으로 산출된 재해도의 백분위수를 계산 하였다. 전반적으로 중요도 누적법, 재해도 가중법, 최우법으로 계산된 백분위수 곡선의 경향이 유사하게 나타났으며 실제 산출된 전체 재해도의 특성을 잘 반영하였다. 적률법으로 계산된 백분위수는 평균 재해도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 부지를 포함한 지진원에 대한 재해도를 효과적으로 나타냈다. 본 연구에서는 전체 지진원과 부지를 포함한 지진원에 대한 평균 재해도가 거의 같게 나타나는 점을 고려하여 부지를 포함한 지진원의 재해도를 백분위수에 잘 반영하는 적률법을 효과적인 백분위수 산출방법으로 제시하였다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.104-116
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to systematically determine an optimal percentile cut-off in histogram analysis for calculating the mean parameters obtained from a non-Gaussian continuous-time random-walk (CTRW) diffusion model for differentiating individual glioma grades. This retrospective study included 90 patients with histopathologically proven gliomas (42 grade II, 19 grade III, and 29 grade IV). We performed diffusion-weighted imaging using 17 b-values (0-4000 s/mm²) at 3T, and analyzed the images with the CTRW model to produce an anomalous diffusion coefficient (D_m) along with temporal (𝛼) and spatial (𝛽) diffusion heterogeneity parameters. Given the tumor ROIs, we created a histogram of each parameter; computed the P-values (using a Student's t-test) for the statistical differences in the mean D_m, 𝛼, or 𝛽 for differentiating grade II vs. grade III gliomas and grade III vs. grade IV gliomas at different percentiles (1% to 100%); and selected the highest percentile with P < 0.05 as the optimal percentile. We used the mean parameter values calculated from the optimal percentile cut-offs to do a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis based on individual parameters or their combinations. We compared the results with those obtained by averaging data over the entire region of interest (i.e., 100th percentile). We found the optimal percentiles for D_m, 𝛼, and 𝛽 to be 68%, 75%, and 100% for differentiating grade II vs. III and 58%, 19%, and 100% for differentiating grade III vs. IV gliomas, respectively. The optimal percentile cut-offs outperformed the entire-ROI-based analysis in sensitivity (0.761 vs. 0.690), specificity (0.578 vs. 0.526), accuracy (0.704 vs. 0.639), and AUC (0.671 vs. 0.599) for grade II vs. III differentiations and in sensitivity (0.789 vs. 0.578) and AUC (0.637 vs. 0.620) for grade III vs. IV differentiations, respectively. Percentile-based histogram analysis, coupled with the multi-parametric approach enabled by the CTRW diffusion model using high b-values, can improve glioma grading.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-82
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• 2004

울산 지역에서 대기중 벤젠으로 인한 발암 인체영향에 대한 경제성 평가를 위해서, 건강 위해성 평가를 수행하여 대상 지역의 이론적 암 사망자수를 추정하고, 대상 지역 주민을 대상으로 가상 가치평가법을 통한 위해도 감소의 지불의사금액을 추정하여 1인의 통계적 생명가치액을 유도하여 이론적 암 사망자수에 대한 사망 손실비용을 유도하였다. 대상 지역의 대기중 벤젠의 평균 농도는 $7.88{\mu}g/m^3$(min: 1.16~max: $23.32 {\mu}g/m^3$)로 조사되었다. US EPA IRIS의 벤젠 단위 위해도 $2.2{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}7.8{\times}10^{-6}$을 사용하고, 30세 이상의 노출인구수 51만 6,641명에 대한 연간 인구 집단 위해도를 추정한 결과 10년간 발생 가능한 발암 사망자수는 2.90명(5 percentile: 0.32명~95 percentile: 9.11명)으로 조사되었다. 1인의 통계적 생명가치액을 추정하기 위하여, 공단 지역의 지불의사금액 모형을 추정한 결과, 응답자의 암 치료경험 유 무와 기대 여명, 가족수, 교육수준이 유의한 영향 요인으로 조사되었고, 연간 1만 명당 5명의 위해도 감소에 대한 지불의사금액은 월 1만 4,852원(95% C.I: 1만 3,135원~1만 6,794)으로 산출되었으며, 위해도 감소치를 고려한 1인의 통계적 생명가치액은 약 3억 6,000만 원(95% C.I: 3억 2,000만 원~4억 원)으로 추정되었다. 대기중 벤젠의 발암 영향으로 인한 건강 손실비용은 발암 위해성 평가로 추정된 이론적 사망자수에 1인의 통계적 생명가치액을 곱하여 추정하였다. 추정 결과, 현 수준의 벤젠의 발암 영향이 10년간 지속될 경우 약 10억 원(5 percentile: 1억 원~95 percentile: 33억 원)의 건강 손실이 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구 결과, 대기중 벤젠의 노출로 인한 위해도를 줄이기 위해서는 벤젠 단독물질에 대해서 이론적으로 10년간 약 10억 원에 대응하는 감소 대책에 투자하여야 한다. 그러나 벤젠 한 물질만을 감소시키기 위한 대안은 현실적이지 못하므로, 이 연구를 모델로 하여 차후 벤젠을 포함한 휘발성 유기오염물질에 대한 통합 적용이 필요하고 손실비용을 재추정해야 할 것이다.