• 융합보안논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

소프트웨어 제품의 정확한 인도시기를 예측하거나 효용성 및 신뢰성을 예측하기 위해서는 소프트웨어 테스팅 과정에서 중요한 요소인 테스트 변화점를 이용하면 보다 효율적인 테스팅 작업을 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 소프트웨어 신뢰성 모형인 지수 모형(Goel-Okumoto 모형)을 적용하여 변화점이 백분위수를 가질 경우를 고려하였다. 고장 간격시간으로 구성된 자료를 이용한 모수추정 방법은 최우추정법과 일반적인 수치해석 방법인 이분법을 사용하여 모수 추정을 실시하고 효율적인 모형 선택은 편차자승합(SSE) 을 적용하여 모형들에 대한 효율적인 모형선택을 시도하였다. 수치적인 예에서는 NTDS 자료를 사용하여 백분위수 변화점을 고려한 결과를 나열하였다.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.443-450
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 safework 소프트웨어를 이용하여 쾌적한 운전좌석에 대한 3차원 모델링을 하였다. 자동차 시트와 운전대의 조절 범위 및 레이아웃(layout), 그리고 운전자의 눈의 위치 등을 결정하기 위하여, 한국인과 미국인 체형의 95th percentile의 성인 남자와 5th percentile의 성인 여자, 그리고 50th percentile의 성인 남자에 대한 최적 운전상태에서의 엉덩이 점(hip point), 운전대 중심(steering wheel center), 눈의 위치(eye point) 등의 3차원상의 위치를 측정하였다. 인간의 모든 치수와 형태학적 윤곽 뿐만 아니라. 신체의 유동성, 기능적 제한 등이 충실히 반영된 safework 마네킹(mannequin)을 이용하 였으며, 여러 신체 부위의 복합적 움직임을 결정하는 역기구학(inverse kinematics)에 근거하여운전좌석을 모델링 하였다. Safework을 이용함으로써 기존의 마네킹이나 실물모형(mockup)의 제작에필요한 시간과 비용을 절약할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 인간의 신체 특성과 유사한 마네킹을 이용하여 인간과 환경사이의 인터페이스를 보다 효율적으로 모델링 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

미생물학적 위해성평가(Microbial risk assessment: MRA)에서 노출평가시 확률적 접근방법은 식중독 발생에 관련도 많은 위해 미생물의 다양성과 변이성 그리고 불확실성에 대한 분석이 가능하고 과거의 접근방법인 point estiamte보다 훨씬 더 현실성이 반영된 결과를 제공할 수 있어 현재 MRA의 노출평가에서 가장 효과적인 방법으로 인정되고 있다. 본 연구는 MRA 방법론 중 노출평가에서 이용될 수 있는 수학적 확률분포 모델을 이용하여 위해 미생물의 발생수준을 추정하는 방법론을 제시하고, 이를 바탕으로 국내 식육에서의 Listeria monocytogenes에 대한 오염수준을 추정하였으며, 그 결과 국내 식육에서의 L. monocytogenes의 오염수준은 평균($50^{th}$ percentile)-4.08 Log CFU/g이며, 최소($5^{th}$ percentile) -4.88 Log CFU/g, 최대 ($95^{th}$ percentile) -3.56 Log CFU/g의 범위를 갖는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to develop a practical and ideal model of science laboratory enrolled 48-60 students by studying optimal facilities such as laboratory tables and chairs proper to elementary school settings. The science laboratory model was figured out in terms of the following six procedures; (1) Current status as well as problems of science laboratory and its facilities was identified by means of the questionnaires conducted to 201 elementary schools, using stratified cluster sampling tehnique, under the consideration of the school size and the regional characteristics across the country. (2) Collected were the anthropometric data with respect to sitting height, popliteal height, buttock popliteal length, elbow rest height, and back width from the 747 students, 4th-6th grade, in Seoul area. (3) It was measured the work apace necessary for individual student to perform his experiment. (4) Using the data of the process (2), we determined the optimal sizes of laboratory tables and chairs fitted for Korean elementary school students. (5) The optimal area of science laboratory for 48-60 students is determined in terms of the data obtained in (3) for individual work space in addition to the appropriate table size figured out by (4). (6) A practical and ideal model for a science laboratory in elementary school was designed according to the above procedures. For the optimal model of science laboratory, the results of this study can be summarized as follows: The sizes of chair and table are categorized into three groups such as small, medium, and large depending on students' physical outfit. The small size base on the 12.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 0-25th percentile ranks. The medium size base on the 50th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 26-75th percentile ranks. The large size base on the 87.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 76-100th percentile ranks. (1) Sizes of chairs: The small size is 28cm in width and 33cm in height. The medium size is 31cm in width and 36cm in height. The large size is 35cm in width and 38cm in height. (2) Sizes of laboratory tables: The small size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 65cm in height. (3) Size of science laboratory: The optimal science laboratory for 48-60 elementary school students, which can install the 12 laboratory tables, is 12m in length and 10m in width.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-68
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to report the physical status of adult with cerebral palsy who live in local community areas including Seoul, Busan, Daegu in Republic of Korea at 2004. 202-individuals with cerebral palsy(140 male, 62 female; mean age 31.9 years; range 19 to 64 years) were surveyed. Measures included a 29-item self-reported health status measure focusing on musculoskeletal status and functional performances. Adult cerebral palsy required continuous management for musculoskeletal and ambulatory function through therapeutic approach. This survey is restricted to population who had cared in welfare center for cerebral palsy in local community, so it needs to investigate home-residual adults with cerebral palsy and the population in rural community. The results were as follows: 1. Participants reported that they had a limitation of a daily of life activity due to musculoskeletal pain($43\%$), there was significant differences between a limitation of a daily of life activity and the decreased ambulatory function(p<.05). 2. Thirty six point six percentile of participants had the decreased ADL function, it was significant related with the impaired body location(p<.05) 3. Thirty nine point one percentile of participants who can independently gait had the decreased ambulatory function, it was significant differences with the usage of ambulatory assistive devices(p<.05). 4. There was significant differences ambulatory function both the body region with impairment and a grade of disability(p<.05). 5. Sixteen point three percentile of participants could not ambulate any more, there was significant differences between a age and a point of time for non-ambulation(p<.05). 6. There was significant differences between ambulatory function and physical activity(p<.05).

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.679-691
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• 2001

Two truncated sequential tests are developed for the two-sample scale problem based on the usual Wilcoxon rank-sum statistic for two different dispersion indices - absolute median deviations, when the medians of the two populations X and Y are equal or known and sums of squared mean deviations, when the medians are either unknown or unequal. The first test is briefly called SWAMD test and the second SWSMD test. For the SWAMD test, the percentile points for both the one-sided and two-sided alternatives, (equation omitted) have been found by Wiener approximation and their values computed for a range of values of a and N; analytical expression for the power function has been derived through Wiener process and its performance studied for various sequential designs for exponential distribution. This test has been illustrated by a numerical example. All the results of the SWAMD test, being directly applicable to the SWSMD test, are not dealt with separately Both the tests are compared and their suitable applications indicated.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.311-313
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• 2005

Generally, many Asian women tend to dislike the square jaw, as they believe it makes the face look wider, giving a stubborn and strong impression. Contouring of the mandible is therefore a relatively common aesthetic procedure among Asians. These days, the use of botulinum toxin for contouring of the lower face offer simple alternative to surgery. Motor point, which is the site over a muscle where its contraction may be elicited by a minimal intensity short duration electrical stimulus, is the optimal injection point of botulinum toxin. Study was undertaken to identify the location of motor point of the masseter muscle and the skin surface landmark. First, the thickest point of the masseter muscle was inspected through palpation and inspection by 3 different individual plastic surgeons and then compound muscle action potentials(CMAPs) of masseter muscle in 15 health volunteers were recorded using EMG. For the localization of the measured points, line between lateral canthus to the mandibular angle was used. Location of motor points were mapped to skin surface from lateral canthus in a percentage of the distance along the landmark line and in distance in millimeters. The clinical injection point was located at 71.69 percentile and 7.3 mm of the landmark line. The motor point test was located at 72.54 percentile and 7.1 mm of the landmark line. The depth of motor point was 16mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the clinical injection point and the motor point. We conclude that surface mapping of motor point of the masseter muscle would increase accessibility and accuracy in botulinum toxin injection for contouring of the lower face.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2013

본 연구는 단위 체중 당 비알콜성음료 섭취량이 가장 높았던 1~19세의 어린이 및 청소년을 대상으로 비알콜성음료를 통한 다량무기질의 추정식이섭취량을 산출하여 평가하고자, 음료, 액상커피 및 액상차의 다량무기질의 실측치와 제4기 국민건강영양조사 중 영양조사 (조사 1일 전 식품섭취내용, 24시간 회상법)의 섭취량을 이용하였다. 이를 위하여 어린이 및 청소년 6,082명 전체의 비알콜성음료의 평균소비자와 극단소비자의 비알콜성음료 섭취량을 파악하기위하여 평균, 95percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우 (scenario I)와 비알콜성음료를 섭취한 어린이와 청소년 1,074명의 섭취량 평균, 95percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우 (scenario II)로 나누어 살펴보았다. 다량무기질인 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 위해성평가는 추정식이섭취량과 한국인 영양섭취기준의 목표섭취량 (2.0 g/day) 및 상한섭취량 (칼슘: 2,500 mg/day, 인: 3,000~3,500 mg/day)을 비교하여 %Goal, %UL값으로 위해성 평가를 하였다. 이 때 위해도 평가방법은 평균과 95th percentile을 이용하는 단일값평가와 point value를 사용하는 경우에 발생할 수 있는 불확실성을 최소화하기 위하여 각 변수의 확률밀도함수(Probabilistic Density Functions, PDFs)를 이용한 Monte Carlo simulation을 실시하여 확률평가를 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) Scenario I의 비알콜성 음료의 평균 및 95th percentile 섭취량은 $74.4{\pm}2.2$, 404.7 g/day로 극단섭취자는 평균섭취자에 비해 5.4배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. Scenario II의 평균 및 95th percentile 섭취량은 $265.4{\pm}5.8$, 662.0 g/day로, 극단섭취자는 평균섭취자에 비해 2.5배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. 또한 Scenario II의 평균섭취자는 scenario I의 평균섭취자에 비해 3.6배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였으며, scenario II의 극단섭취자는 scenario I의 극단섭취자에 비해 1.6배 더 많은 양을 섭취하였다. 2) 비알콜성음료에 존재하는 다량무기질의 분포는 마그네슘을 제외하고 대부분 왼쪽으로 기울어진 분포를 나타내었다. 비알콜성음료 섭취량 분포는 scenario I에서는 대부분 Logistic 분포를 나타내었으나, scenario II 경우에는 왼쪽으로 기울어진 Max Extreme분포가 되었다. 3) Scenario I에서 확률평가한 다량무기질의 평균 EDI는 나트륨 7.93, 칼슘 10.92, 인 6.73, 칼륨 23.41, 마그네슘 1.11 mg/day였으며, 95th percentile EDI는 나트륨 28.02, 칼슘 44.86, 인 27.43, 칼륨 98.14, 마그네슘 3.87 mg/day이였다. 다량무기질은 목표섭취량이 설정되어있는 나트륨과 상한섭취량이 설정되어있는 칼슘 및 인에 대해서만 위해성 평가를 하였으며 그 결과를 살펴보면, 확률평가한 나트륨의 평균 % Goal은 0.39, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 0.43, 0.19이며, 나트륨의 95th percentile %Goal은 2.56, 칼슘 및 인의 95th percentile %UL은 각각 3.71, 1.60이였다. Scenario II에서 확률평가한 다량 무기질의 평균 EDI는 나트륨 19.10, 칼슘 25.77, 인 15.83, 칼륨 56.56, 마그네슘 2.68 mg/day이였으며, 95th percentile EDI는 나트륨 62.67, 칼슘 101.95, 인 62.09, 칼륨 227.92, 마그네슘 8.67 mg/day였다. 확률평가한 나트륨의 평균 %Goal은 0.95, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 1.03, 0.45이였으며, 나트륨의 95th percentile %Goal은 3.12, 칼슘 및 인의 평균 %UL은 각각 4.08, 1.75였다. 4) 비알콜성음료 섭취를 통한 다량무기질 중 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 노출수준은 목표섭취량과 상한섭취량을 초과하는 인구집단은 없는 것으로 나타났으며, Scenario I II에서 나트륨, 칼슘, 인의 평균 및 95th percentile %Goal 및 %UL은 모두 5 이내로 낮은 수준이였다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.199-220
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the score data released by the Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation to find out the problems with the current scoring system provided by the College Scholastic Ability Test and to suggest improvement measures to solve these problems. Methods: We calculated the descriptive statistics of the standard scores using the frequency distribution table of the standard scores and identified the characteristics of the standard scores by expressing the distribution as a graph. Also, we developed an index to evaluate whether each stanine level was stably assigned and calculated the indexes for each area/subject by using the data on the number of examinees for each level. Results: We found that the relationship of conversion from raw scores to integerized standard scores is different depending on the size of the standard deviation of the raw scores, and identified the problem that the raw score information is not fairly reflected in the calculation of the percentile and level as the two raw scores are converted to one standard score. This problem can be solved by calculating the standard score to a decimal point. Conclusion: In this study, as a way to improve the quality of the scores of the current CSAT, the standard score and percentile decimal notation, the specific regulations of the standard score and stanine level calculation method, and the expansion of the open range of the scores were suggested.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2010

R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, Vervaeck index and Body Mass Index(BMI) are frequently used in order to judge obese subjects in clothing & textiles field. However, there are no certain criteria of judging the degree of obesity. Each researcher utilized these obesity indices according to their own criteria so far. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to suggest a reliable obesity index and new criteria for judging the degree of obesity. The results are as follows; Utilizing frequency analysis, main percentiles, minimums, maximums and ranges were presented by 5 age groups from twenties to sixties. Obesity rates dramatically increased, the subject got older. Especially, obesity rate of the subjects in their fifties and sixties were much higher than other age groups. 1.6 & higher can be used in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, 98 & higher can be used in the Vervaeck index, and 25 & higher can be used in the BMI as the Optimal criteria of the obesity. Total of 24 body measurements and 3 obesity indices were used for analyzing the correlation analysis. All heights measurements showed negative correlation with the 3 obesity indices. It is determined heights measurements have high correlation with R$\ddot{o}$hrer index compare to other indices. Crotch height, interscye back, neck shoulder point to breast point, bust circumference, waist circumference, upper arm circumference and armscye circumference have high positive correlation with all obesity indices. According to the ANOVAs by each percentile group of the R$\ddot{o}$hrer and Vervaeck indices, there are big significances in all measurements and obesity indices except arm length. In general, heights decreased significantly by getting bigger, while circumferences and lengths, widths and indices increased rapidly by getting bigger. The results of the analysis by each percentile group in the BMI, it showed the significant differences in the all measurements except cervical height and arm length. There were similar tendency of differences according to the degree of the obesity in BMI percentile groups. It was confirmed that the BMI is the most reliable index for judging the obesity owing to the high correlations and significant differences with other measurements.