• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.766-772
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• 2011

가공식품에 첨가된 몰식자산프로필(propyl gallate), 이디티에이 (ethylenediamine tetra acetate), 에리쏘르빈산(erythorbic acid)의 섭취 안전성을 평가하고자, 몰식자산프로필 함유식품 65 품목, 이디티에이 함유식품 121 품목, 에리쏘르빈산 함유식품 266 품목을 HPLC로 분석하여 그 함량을 모니터링 하고, 국민건강 영양 조사의 식이섭취량자료를 이용하여 몰식자산프로필, 이디티에이, 에리쏘르빈산의 국민평균섭취량 및 상위섭취량($95^{th}$ percentile)을 추정하였다. 몰식자산프로필은 건과류 2건에서만 0.1 ppm 검출되었을 뿐 다른 품목에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았고, 이디티에이는 총 시료의 47.1%의 검출율을 나타내었다. 이디티에이를 가장 많이 함유하고 있는 품목은 마요네즈로서 50.6 ppm이었고, 드레싱과 마가린에서도 각각 26.3, 14.1 ppm 검출되었으며, 이 세 식품 유형에서의 이디티에이 검출율은 전체의 약 40%에 달하였다. 에리쏘르빈산은 총 266개 품목 중 128개 품목에서 검출되어 48.1%의 검출율을 나타내었고, 검출율이 높은 품목은 건조저장육(67.5%), 소시지(51.9%), 햄류(40.7%)로 나타났다. 에리쏘르빈산의 평균 함량은 향신료가공품이 523.6 ppm으로 가장 높았다. 이디티에이의 국민 일일 평균 섭취량은 $1.14{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}body\;weight/day$(ADI 대비 0.05%)로 나타났고, 기여식품은 마요네즈, 드레싱, 햄버거, 마가린으로 나타났다. 연령별 섭취량은 29세 이하의 연령대에서 그 이상의 연령대 보다 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났는데, 그 양은 ADI 대비 0.1%에 불과해 매우 안전한 수준이었다. 이디티에이 섭취자 그룹 중 상위섭취자($95^{th}$ percentile 섭취자)의 섭취량은 $141.24{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}body\;weight/day$로 나타나, JECFA에서 설정한 ADI 대비 5.6%로 매우 안전한 수준이었다. 식품을 통한 에리쏘르빈산의 국민 평균 섭취량은 $16.93{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}body\;weight/day$로 나타났고, 섭취에 기여하는 식품은 햄, 소시지, 어육가공품, 빵류 이었다. 연령별로는 3-6세의 어린이들이 $58.43{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}body\;weight/day$로 가장 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났으나, EU에서 설정한 ADI와 비교해 볼 때 ADI의 1.0%로 매우 안전한 양이었다. 또한 에리쏘르빈산 섭취자 그룹 중 상위 $95^{th}$ percentile 섭취량을 추정한 결과 $1320.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}body\;weight/day$, ADI 대비 22.0%로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 한국인의 몰식자산프로필, 이디티에이, 에리쏘르빈산 섭취량은 모든 연령대에서 매우 안전한 수준이며, 상위 섭취자($95^{th}$ percentile 섭취자)의 섭취량 또한 안전하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.732-739
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• 2007

목 적 : 임신주수에 따른 출생체중의 정상치는 하나의 기준으로 모든 인종, 국가, 시대를 만족시킬 수 없으며 각 인종별, 국가별로 다른 기준을 가져야 한다. 현재 우리나라에서 현재 사용되고 있는 임신주수별 출생체중의 기준치들은 우리나라의 실정에 맞지 않고 각각의 성별, 태아수별, 분만횟수별 기준치도 따로 분류되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이에 우리나라의 성별, 태아수별, 분만횟수별 임신주수에 따른 기준치를 제시하고 각각을 비교하기 위해 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2000년부터 2004년까지 5년간 통계청의 인구동태자료 중 출생자료에 기록되어 있는 2,658,156명중 임신주수 24주에서 42주까지의 신생아 2,585,516명을 대상으로 Finite mixture model을 이용하여 임신주수별 출생체중을 분석하고 오류를 제거한 후 성별, 태아수별, 분만횟수별 기준치를 만들고 이를 비교하였고 우리나라에서 사용하고 있는 기준치와 비교하였다. 결 과 : 남아의 평균 출생체중은 $3,326{\pm}442g$, 여아의 평균 출생체중은 $3,225{\pm}428g$으로 남아가 더 무거웠으며 임신주수에 따른 출생체중도 전 임신주수에서 남아가 더 무거웠다. 단태아의 평균 출생체중은 $3,278{\pm}438g$, 쌍태아의 평균 출생체중은 $2,443{\pm}464g$으로 단태아가 더 무거웠으며 임신주수에 따른 출생체중도 전 임신주수에서 단태아가 더 무거웠다. 첫째아이의 평균 출생체중은 $3,264{\pm}440g$, 둘째아이의 평균 출생체중은 $3,282{\pm}428g$으로 둘째아기가 더 무거웠으며 임신주수에 따른 출생체중은 전 임신주수에서 둘째아기가 더 무거웠다. 단태아의 임신주수별 출생체중을 Lubchenco 등의 기준과 비교해 보았을 때 10th percentile과 50th percentile에서 우리나라 신생아의 출생체중 기준보다 전반적으로 무거웠고, Alexander 등의 기준과 비교해 보면 50th percentile 과 90th percentile 은 우리나라 신생아의 출생체중 기준에 비해 무거웠다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 얻은 성별, 태아수별, 분만횟수별 임신주수별 출생체중의 유형은 다른 연구자들의 결과와 비슷했다. 또한 본 연구에서 얻은 임신주수에 따른 출생체중의 기준치는 5년간 우리나라 출생아 전수를 대상으로 객관적인 기준에 의해 오류를 제거하고 만들어 진 것이다. 그러므로 우리나라의 신생아의 임신주수에 의한 출생체중의 기준 및 자궁내발육부전이나 과체중출생아의 진단 기준으로 사용할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.141-156
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to develop 『Korean Maternal Behavior Inverntory』(KMBI). The subjects were 712 mothers of 4th-6th grade elementary school children from 5 urban cities in Korea. Item analysis. Cronbach's α, Pearson's r, Factor analysis, and Percentile norms were conducted for the purpose of the study. The major findings were as follows; 1. By the method of item analysis and factor analysis, 51 items were selected for the scale of maternal behavior. 2. A factor analysis showed 7 factors(Reasoning guidance, Affect, Antliorian Control, Achievement, Overprotection, Active Involvement, Limit Setting) as separated domains from each others. 3. The reliablity coefficient of the scale was ranged from 62 to 81 sufficient to secure reliability. 4. Percentile ranks were drived from the total score and quartiles were calculted for the each of seven factor's scores. The present study presents a potentially highly useful way of measuring maternal behavior of 4th-6th grade elementary school children in Korea.

• 한국산업경영시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산업경영시스템학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.371-377
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• 2002

In this paper, We consider some generalization of these five basic indices to cover non-normal distribution. The proposed generalizations are compared with the five basic indices. The results show that the proposed generalizations are more accurate than those basic indices and other generalization in measuring process capability. We compared an estimation methods by Clements with based on sample percentiles, WVM to calculate the proposed generalization as an example. The results indicated that Clements method is more accurate than percentile method, WVM in measuring process capability. But the calculations of percentile method are easy to understand, straightforward to apply, and show be valuable used for applications.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.83-96
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of assets and liabilities of farm households and to evaluate the financial status of rural middle-aged and old-aged household using financial ratios. For these purposes an empirical survey data was gathered from rural middle-aged and old-aged households in 8 provinces using structured questionnaires. 877 households data were used in final analysis. The statistical methods used for data analysis are frequency percentile mean The statistical methods used for data analysis are frequency percentile mean median standard deviation $\chi$2 and t-test using SPSS/PC WIN program. Among financial ratios 64.7% of total households could meet the guideline of consumption to income ratio 5.9% of total households could meet the appropriate level of short-term and long-term liquidity. In the case of debt burden ration 82% of total households could meet the guideline. And 28.5% of total households could meet the guideline of capital stock ratio .

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.164-175
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• 2003

This paper investigates bootstrap confidence intervals of the process capability index(PCI) based on the expected loss derived from the empirical distribution function(EDF). The PCI based on the expected loss is too complex to derive its confidence interval analytically, so the bootstrap method is a good alternative. We propose three types of the bootstrap confidence interval; the standard bootstrap(SB), the percentile bootstrap(PB), and the acceleration biased­corrected percentile bootstrap(ABC). We also perform a comprehensive simulation study under various process distributions, in order to compare the accuracy of the coverage probability of the bootstrap confidence intervals. In most cases, the coverage probabilities of the bootstrap confidence intervals from the EDF PCI turned out to be more accurate than those from the PCI based on the normal distribution. It is expected that the bootstrap confidence intervals from the EDF PCI can be utilized in real processes where the true distribution family may not be known.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2000

A selected subject and a standardized scoring system were newly enforced at college entrance examination from 1999. A selected subject system means each student can select one subject in addition to common subject in the field of mathematical research II and a standardized scoring system means we standardize the score of each field as mean 50 and standard deviation 10 in order to adjust the degree of difficulty between fields. In the field of mathematical research II, there may exist not only difference of the degree of difficulty but also that of general studying ability between groups of selected subjects. So when we standardize score, we have to consider them. So far a linear equating which is a parametric method and an equi-percentile equating which is a nonparametric method have been published, but both of them supposed that the general studying ability between groups was equal. So in this paper an adjusted linear and percentile equating method which seems to be adequate to our entrance examination is suggested and is investigated by computer simulation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.345-358
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• 2014

For introducing the groundwater quality assessment using background concentration of groundwater, several methods had been studied to estimate the background concentration of groundwater and to suggest the background concentration of study area. Some methods such as Box whisker plot, Percentile and Cumulative probability distribution had been adopted to estimate background concentration, and it was evaluated that the Cumulative probability distribution method presents more reasonable background concentration because it can consider the data distribution. So we estimated the background concentration of study area using cumulative probability distribution method. We suggested the background concentration for each hydrogeology respectively in case hydrogeological water quality similarity is very low.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제29권
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

The relationship between hydrologic processes and scale is one of the more complex issues in surface water hydrology. Disturbances that change vegetation and/or soil properties have been known to subsequently alter the landscape. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the grain size of soils with different properties from the hydraulic conductivity using pedotransfer functions. The double ring infiltrometer method was used to measure the vertical hydraulic conductivity of three soils under different soil planar surface treatments. Seven selected pedotransfer functions were used to estimate percentile diameters and the reduction in infiltration caused by compaction was misconstrued as caused by changes in percentile diameter. Results showed that compaction on the sandy loamy foot paths reduced the hydraulic conductivity by about 50%. The study showed that perceptual models of infiltration processes and appreciation of scale problems in modeling are far more sophisticated than normally presented in texts. Hydraulic measurement methods are still relevant and will provide significant information of grain size of the soils.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

The out-of-positioned small female drivers are most likely to be injured during airbag deployment due to their stature and proximity to the steering wheel and airbag module. In order to investigate the injury mechanisms, some experimental studies with Hybrid III 5% female dummy and with female cadavers could be found from the open literatures. However, the given information from those experimental studies is quite limited to the standard conditions and might not be enough to estimate the airbag inflation aggressiveness regarding on the occupant responses and injury. In this study, a finite element analysis has been performed in order to investigate the airbag-induced injuries. A finite element 5% female human model in anatomical details has been developed. The validation results of the model are also introduced in this paper.