• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phonological error patterns of korean children with and without specific phonological disorders(SPD). In this study, 29 normally developing children and 10 SPD children were involved. The children were matched the percentage of consonants correct(PCC). 22 picture cards were used to elicit korean consonants in word initial syllable initial, word medial syllable initial, word medial syllable final, word final syllable final positions. The findings were as follows. First, the phonological error patterns of SPD were 1) similar to those of normal children with the same PCC, 2) similar to those of normal children with the lower PCC, or 3) unusual to those of normal children. Second,. korean children showed phonological processes reflecting the korean phonological characteristics: tensification, reduction of the word medial syllable final consonant. This study suggests that both the PCC and error patterns should be considered in assessing phonological abilities of children.

• MALSORI
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• no.61
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between segmental correctness and speech intelligibility in adults with hearing impairment. Segmental correctness was measured by percentage of correct vowels(PCV) and percentage of correct consonants(PCC). The results were shown as follows: First, PCV and PCC could predict speech intelligibility with statistical significance. Second, in consonant classes divided by place and manner of articulation, the PCC of plosives and alveolar sounds were significant predicting variables in each group ($R^{2}=50%;\;59%$). According to this study, the importance of segmental correctness on speech intelligibility of adults with hearing impairment was confirmed. Also correctness of plosive sounds in manner and alveolar sounds in place were significant factors to speech intelligibility.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

This single-subject study examined the effects of repetitive speech training at the word and sentence levels using speech cues on the percentage of correct consonants (PCC) and speech intelligibility of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Three children aged between 5-8 years with a history of CP participated in the study. Thirty-minute intervention sessions were provided four times a week for four weeks. The intervention included repeated training of words and sentences containing target phonemes using two instructions of speech cues, "big mouse" and "strong voice". First, the children improved their average PCC and speech intelligibility, but an effect size analysis indicated that the effect was different for each child, and the effect size for speech intelligibility was higher than for PCC. Second, the intervention effect was generalized to untrained words and sentences. Third, the maintenance effects of PCC and speech intelligibility were very high. These findings suggests that repeated speech training using speech cues is an intervention technique that can help improve PCC and speech intelligibility in children with CP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : Tongue-tie, or partial ankyloglossia, is manifested by an abnormally short and thick lingual frenulum. Degree of tongue-tie varies from the mild to the rare, severe and its treatment of choice is frenulotomy. Theoretically tongue-tie can affect expression of alveolar sounds. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of articulation problem and to evaluate the efficacy of frenulotomy itself on alveolar sounds in tongue-tie patients. Materials and Methods : Prospectively, the authors performed preoperative and postoperative speech evaluation using picture consonants test for tongue-tie patients. Percentage of consonants correct(PCC), mean value of each alveolar phoneme depends on articulation site were evaluated. for exclusion of other articulatory improving factors except of frenulotomy itself, postoperative picture consonants test was performed 1 month after surgery. Results : Preoperative speech evaluation was performed to 37(male 21, female 16) patients and postoperative speech evaluation was performed to 17(male 9, female 8) patients, the other 20 patients were follow-up loss. Low PCC was observed in tongue-tie patients and PCC of female was higher an at of male in 2-4 years old patients. Overall PCC was improved after frenulotomy. Preoperative mean value of liquids and fricatives was lower than the other alveolar phonemes(p＜0.05) and it was improved postoperatively(p＜0.05). Conclusion : Frenulotomy itself can improve the articulation of liquids and fricatives on short follow-up. Speech therapy would be needful for improvement of the other alveolar phonemes.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the strength of the tongue/lip strength and speech production for dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy. The maximal tongue and lip strengths of 22 normal adults, 27 dysarthric adults (10 adults with mild dysarthria, 10 adults with moderate dysarthria, and 7 adults with severe dysarthria) were measured with Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). The percentage of correct consonants (PCC) and speech intelligibility were calculated from the words and sentences spoken by the subjects. The results of the study are as follows: First, both the maximal tongue and the maximal lip strength differed significantly between the control group and the group with dysarthria. While the group with mild dysarthria did not show meaningful difference in maximal tongue and lip strengths from the control group, the group with moderate and severe dysarthria showed significantly weaker tongue and lip strength than the control group and the group with mild dysarthria. Second, the current study suggests the existence of a significant correlation between the maximal tongue and lip strength and the PCC and speech intelligibility within all subjects with dysarthria. These findings can serve as an effective foundation to diagnose dysarthria quickly and accurately. The results of this study also indicate that in addition to the maximal tongue strength, the maximal lip strength can prove to be an important index in predicting the speech intelligibility of dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.61 no.12
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• pp.650-657
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• 2018

Background and Objectives The present study aimed to compare receptive and expressive language development in children who have undergone simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation (SCI) and those who have undergone bimodal stimulation (unilateral CI+ hearing aid). Subjects and Method In a retrospective analysis of clinical data, 15 pediatric patients who have received SCI and nine patients who have received bimodal stimulation (BM group) were enrolled. CI was performed for all patients at 24 months of age. Category of Auditory Performance (CAP) scores, Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) scores, and developmental quotients (DQ) for expressive and receptive language were compared between the groups at 12 month of follow-up. The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) of children evaluated at 4 years old was also compared. Results At 12 months of follow-up, significantly greater improvements in CAP scores (${\Delta}4.25{\pm}0.5$) were noted in the SCI group compared to the BM group (${\Delta}3.56{\pm}0.88$, p=0.041). Significantly greater improvements in IT-MAIS scores were also noted in the SCI group (${\Delta}36.17{\pm}4.09$) than in the BM group (${\Delta}30.17{\pm}2.91$, p=0.004). The DQ of receptive language was higher in the SCI group than in the BM group ($87.6{\pm}15.4%$ vs. $75.5{\pm}12.0%$, p=0.023) at 12 months of follow-up. Moreover, early SCI was associated with better receptive language skills. PCC index of children at 4 years old was higher in the SCI group than in the BM group ($88.5{\pm}13.2%$ vs. $62{\pm}15.8%$, p=0.014). Earlier SCI was associated with even greater improvements. Conclusion Bilateral SCI is associated with significant improvements in language development when compared with bimodal stimulation. Earlier SCI was associated with better outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Children with cleft palate children may be imparied in articulation and resonance. This study examined the phonological process usage of 3-, 4- and 5- year old children with cleft palate. Materials and Method : Twenty seven children with cleft palat participated 3-, 4- and 5-year old children with cleft palate. The authors performed speech evaluation using picture consonants test for children with cleft palate. Percentage of consonants correct(PCC), mean value of each phoneme depends on articulation site and manner were evaluated. Results : In place of articulation, ommission of velar consonants were the most frequent. In manner of articulation, ommission of nasal consonants were the most frequent. Backing, glottal stop, was the most prominent phonological process children with cleft palate. Conclusion : These results may indicate that articulation disorder with cleft palate. and other articulation disorders differences should be considered in the interpretation of speech evaluations.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2015

This study was aim to compare the phonological error patterns and PCC(Percentage of Correct Consonants) derived from the single word and spontaneous speech contexts of the speech sound disorders with unknown origin(SSD). The present study suggest that the development phonological error patterns and non-developmental error patterns of the target children, in according to speech context. The subjects were 15 children with SSD up to the age of 5 from 3 years of age. This research use 37 words of APAC(Assessment of Phonology & Articulation for Children) in the single word context and 100 eojeol in the spontaneous speech context. There was no difference of PCC between the single word and the spontaneous speech contexts. Significantly different developmental phonological error patterns between the single word and the spontaneous speech contexts were syllable deletion, word-medial onset deletion, liquid deletion, gliding, affrication, fricative other error, tensing, regressive assimilation. Significantly different non-developmental phonological error patterns were backing, addtion of phoneme, aspirating. The study showed that there was no difference of PCC between elicited single word and spontaneous conversational context. And there were some different phonological error patterns derived from the two contexts of the speech sound disorders. The more important interventions target is the error patterns of the spontaneous speech contexts for the immediate generalization and rising overall intelligibility.

• 재활복지
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.67-82
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate relation and effect of PCC(Percentage of Correct Consonant) and nasalance score on the speech intelligibility and acceptability in adults with dysarthria by reading task of standardized passage. Ten adults with dysarthria and sixteen normal adults were participated in this study. PCC and nasalance score were measured through reading task of standardized passage. And, speech intelligibility and acceptability were examined using visual analogue criteria. The result of the study was as follows. First, the nasalance score of adults with dysarthria group is significantly higher than normal adults group in reading sample by standardized passage. Second, the PCC, speech intelligibility and acceptability shows significant correlation. However, the nasalance score doesn't show significant corelation with speech intelligibility and acceptability. These results suggest that PCC is closely related to speech intelligibility and speech acceptability, but nasalance score is not related to speech intelligibility and speech acceptability.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2020

Sentence repetition is a way of evaluating speech sound production to improve the limitation of word tests and spontaneous speech analysis. Speech sounds produced by children can be evaluated using several indicators. This study examined the progression of the percentage of correct consonants-revised (PCC-R) and phonological whole-word measure in different age and gender groups after setting consonants in various vowel contexts and implementing sentence repetition tasks that were designed to give all phonemes the chance to appear at least three times. For this study, 11 sentence repetition tasks were applied to 535 children aged 3 to 7 across the country, after which the resulting PCC-R and whole-word measure were analyzed. The study results showed that all the indicators improved in older age groups and there were significant differences depending on age, however, no significant differences dependent on gender were found. The sentence repetition conditions data used in this study were collected from across the country, and the age difference between each age group was six months. This study is noteworthy because it collected a sufficient amount of data from each group, highlighted the limitation of the word naming and the spontaneous speech analysis, and suggests new criteria of evaluation through the analysis of each whole-word measure in sentence repetition, which was not applied in previous studies.