• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.629-635
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• 2016

ACR phantom for quality control of magnetic resonance imaging equipment can evaluate magnetic resonance imaging picture quality through various structures within the phantom. In this study, percent Signal Ghosting and Slice position accuracy of imaging could be analyzed by attaching implant and the wire for correction of tooth using ACR phantom in Head coil of 3.0T equipment. In the T1 weighted imaging of the first slice and the eleventh slice of implant, the slice position accuracy appeared to be good in ingress bandwidth 300, and it was good in ingress bandwidth 130 when wire for correction was attached. Percent Signal Ghosting in the seventh slice of SE T1 weighted imaging, implant and wire for correction added all appeared to be good when ingress bandwidth was 230. It is thought that in case of implant dental prosthesis patients in brain exam using magnetic resonance imaging, optimum image can be obtained by changing ingress bandwidth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected , (2) to determine the prevalence of malocclusion, and types of molar, vertical incisor and horizontal incisor relationships, and (3) to examine the sex difference in the prevalence ratios, and (4) to determine the between-examiner differences in assessing types of dental occlusion. The material consisted of 1281 males and 811 females, total 2091 persons, aged 17 to 21 years. Two examiners who were graduate students in the orthodontic course, examined independently dental occlusion of the material. Before calculating the statistics, the subjects consisted of 156 mates and 164 females, total 320 persons, haying any one or more causes suspected to affect dental occlusion, was eliminated. Then the remained subjects, 1124 males and 647 females, total 1771 persons, were assessed. The results were as follows 1. The prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected was 15.32 per cent. The missing rate of any one or more first molars was 8.85 percent, that of any one or more teeth positioned anterior to the first molar was 3.83 per cent. The prevalence of crossbite of the first molar was 0.48 per cent, that of retained primary teeth was 0.77 percent, and that of orthodontic treatment was 0.43 per cent. 8. The rate of between-examiner difference was 12.53 per cent in assessing the types of molar relationship, 18.86 percent in assessing the types of horizontal incisor relationship, and 26.37 percent in assessing the types of horizontal incisor relationship. 3. There was no sex difference in the prevalence ratios of the types of molar relationship. The prevalence of Class I molar relationship was 80.91 percent, that of Class II was 5,03, that of Class II subdivision was 4.01, Percent, that of Class III was 5.99 percent and that of Class III subdivision was 4.07 percent. 4. In the prevalence of the types of horizontal incisor relationship, there were no sex differences except that of Class II division 2. The prevalence of Class I horizontal incisor relationship was 73.12 percent, that of Class II division t was 12.03 percent, that of Class II division 2 was 6.58 percent in male and 4.33 percent in female, and that of Class III was 9.09 percent. 5. In the prevalence of the types of vertical incisor relationship, there were no sex differences except that of deep bite, The prevalence of open bite was 2.20 per cent, that of edge-to-edge bite was 9.15 percent, that of normal bite was 76,34 percent, and that of deep bite was 14.15 percent in male and 9.12 percent in female. 6. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of malocclusion the prevalence of malocclusion was 82.67 percent and that of normal occlusion was 17.33 percent. 7. There was a tendency that when Class I molar relationship changed to Class II, incisor relationships were to be larger overjet or upright upper incisors and deep bite, but when that changed to Class III molar relationship, these were to be cross bite and openbite.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1991

The objective of the study is to figure out the status of reproductive health and general characteristics related to maternal health for Korean-Americans living in Los Angeles. We collected data from the married women who wanted no more additional child birth and were attending the Family Planning Clinic of Koryo Health Foundation in Los Angeles during 1988. There were 494 women met the eligibility requirement for this study. The results are summarized below. 1. In the age distribution of the women who desired no more additional child birth, women 30-34 age group constituted the largest proportion at 36.6 percent ; the mean age of women was 35.1915.55. The mean number of child birth was 1.77, and the proportion of the women by number of child birth were 35.2 percent for one children, 50.1 percent for two children 10.5 percent for three children, and 2.6 percent for four children. All of the women experienced pregnancy at least once, and mean number of pregnancy was 3.42. The mean number of total experience of induced abortion was 1.56. and 76.7 percent of these women had experience with induced abortions. To prevent further pregnancies, 90.1 percent of the women were utilizing the contraceptive methods, and the highest proportion by the contraceptive methods was condoms(53.7%), 9.3 percent in spermicides, 8.7 percent in IUDs, 8.7 percent in rhythm method, and 6.9 percent in oral pills. 2. The mean age of women at each stage of reproductive life cycle were 14.74 years at time of menarche, 24.55 years at time of marriage, 26.60 years at time of the first child birth, and 28.75 years at time of the last child birth. In age distribution of the women by birth cohort (Group I : birth cohort 1940-1954, Group H : birth cohort 1955-1970), the mean menar-cheal age of the women was 14.96 years in group I , and 14.53 years in group H . Mean age at time of marriage was 25.01 years in group I and 24.08 years in group H . Mean child birth age of the women by birth cohort was 27.19 years In group I and 26.01 years in Group II for the first child birth and 30.07 years in group I and 27.45 years in group II for the last child birth. The total length of reproductive life cycle from menarche to menopause (presumed to be at 49 of age years) was 34.26 years. The len-gth of phase I (from menarche to marriage) was 9.81 years, while phase H (marriage to first birth) was 2.05 years, and phase Ill (first birth to last birth) was 2. 15 years, and the last phase of reproductive life cycle, phase IV (last birth to menopause) was 20.25 years. The proportion of each phase 10 total length of reproductive life cycle was 28.6 percent, 6.0 percent 6.3 percent, and 59.t percent respectively. In the tendency of each phase in reproductive life cycle by birth cohort (group I , U ), the length of phase I, II , III of birth cohort group II was diminished in comparison with those of birth cohort group I , but the length of phase IV was extended by 2.38 years. 3. Among the women, the mean number of total pregnancy by birth cohort group was 2.01 in group I and 1.10 in Group II, and mean number of child birth was 1.97 in group I and 1.58 in group II. In terms of pregnancy was-tage rate by birth cohort group, among the total pregnancy of birth cohort group I , 51.8 percent of the cases resulted in induced abortions or spontaneous abortions whils 48.2 percent resulted in live births, and 42.2 percent or total pregnancy in group II resulted in pregnancy wastage and 57.8 percent of the cases resulted in live births.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.34-49
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to identify the status of school health and analyze affecting factors of school nurses' self confidence and nursing activities of the secondary school in Seoul. The data was collected from 13th of August to 30th of October. The self reported questionairs were distributed during one of the school nurses seminars held in Seoul and 93 secondary school nurses answered. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS for percentage, mean, T-test ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of study are summerized as follows; 1. General Characteristics The mean age of the subjects was 33.4 and mean length of experience as a school nurse was 7.3 years. 79.5 percent of them had clinical experiences and the mean clinic experience was 2.1 years. The majority of them were graduate of the baccalaureate nursing programs and 82.8 percent of them were married. 72.0 percent of the sample had religion, and 60.2 percent of them were in the national or public schools. 90.3 percent of them had independent duty. 2. The status of school health resources In average, there were 2,445 students, 37 classes and 63 teachers per school nurse. 48.4 percent of them were aware of the school budget. The budget for school health was 585,000 won per school in average. 30.0 percent of the schools had school health organization. The schools whose health clinics were on the first floor consisted of 79.3 percent, among them 42.9 percent were on the center of the building office. 3. Activities of school health nursing The average number of students using health clinic were 430 per month. The majority of the problem was digestive problem. There were 7.5 times of mean correspondences with parents per year. The activities of the school nurses were clinic management (29.0%), health care services (23.5%) and health education (14.1%). 4. The degrees of self confidence of the school nurse and nursing activities Self confidence measured by 6 items of self-reported questionaires scored by 4 point Likert Scale revealed. The nurses' self-confidence was 2.922 in clinic management, 2.909 in health education, 2.759 in program planning and evaluation, 2.757 in health care services, 2.692 in management of school environment, and 2.250 in operation of school health organization. The nursing activities scored by 2 point. The nursing activities was 1,870 in program planning and evaluation, 1.853 in health education, 1.843 in clinic management, 1.739 in health care services, 1.696 in management of school environment and 1.265 in operating of school health organization. 5. Factors affecting self confidence and nursing activities of school nurses The general characteristics of the school nurses and the school health resources were related to self confidence and nursing activities. The most significant variable to nurses' self confidence was type of the school ownership and the presence of school health organization was the most significant factor to nursing activities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.166-173
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the satisfaction level of patients with oral health care provided by a dental hospital, especially scaling, and their oral health behavior. The subjects in this study were 263 college students who were in their 20s and selected from among patients who visited D university dental hospital in Gangwon Province during the oral prophylaxis practice of dental hygiene sophomores and juniors. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. Whether the selected students had ever had their teeth scaled was checked, and those who had outnumbered the others who hadn't. The rates of the former and latter respectively stood at 61.2 percent and 38.8 percent. Regarding places where they got their teeth scaled, the majority of the students that represented 75.2 percent did that at dental clinics. By gender, 34.4 percent of the male students did that at schools, which were larger than 11.8 percent of the female students who did. 88.2 percent of the female students did that at dental clinics, which were larger than 65.5 percent of the male students who did. Gender made significant differences to that(x2=10.79, p<.01). 2. As for satisfaction level with scaling by gender, the male students (38.7%) who had no specific idea outnumbered the female students (26.5%) who did. The female students(57.4%) who felt no pain during scaling outnumbered the male students(55.9%) who did. Gender made a significant difference to their responses. (x2=6.38, p<.05). 3. Concerning the use of oral hygiene supplies, most of the students who represented 72.2 percent had never flossed their teeth, and as many as 86.3 percent had never used a tongue cleaner. But the gaps between them and the others were not statistically significant.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1974

The social understanding of the rehabilitation and welfare work for the handicapped children is nearly devoid in Korea. Especially the medical rehabilitation or nursing for them is left ign. ored as well as the literature preferential to this study is wanted. For the purpose of conducting the study of this thesis Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center, Inc. and Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical center sampled out; covering three months from Aug. 1 to Oct. 30, 1973, the problems of children's rehabilitation, the characteristics of the children, the medical rehabilitation, nursing, education, and vocational rehabilitation were interviewed and widely grasped. This thesis aimed at developing the rehabilitation, the professional nursing and especially aimed at contributing to the improvement of welfare for the handicapped by analysing, observing the result of this study. The result is as follows: 1. Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center, Inc. has, since its establishment, contributed to the advancement of the crippled children and its purpose consists in implementing services, medical rehabilitation, nursing, education and vocational training. Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center is, being based on Christianity, aiming at the medical treatment and education for the crippled children. 2. All of the children admitted in the children's rehabilitation centers are the crippled children. The ratio of boys io girls is three to two. Boys are more than girls. Orphan formed 55.2 per sent of them. About 60 per cent of them is receiving medical attention free of charge. But there is no orphan in Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center. 3. 15.7 per cent of them have received the previous medical attention before their admitting in the centers; in Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center 8.6 percent, Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center 50 percent; there is remarkable difference between the two. 4. On the standpoint of period of being in the centers, the children who have been over three years in Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center formed 48.7 per cent; in Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center 2.6 percent; there is also considerable difference between the two; they couldn't discharge from the centers owing to the economic conditions and being orphan. 5. Among the diagnosis of the crippled children, poliomyelitis formed highest 51.7 percent of them ; cerebral palsy formed 30 percent secondly in order. Environmental factors (67.8 percent formed about three times of congenital factors (23.7 percent). 6. The children who are capable of doing independently activity of daily living formed 87.9 percent; 73.2 percent can walk about 300 m by wearing brace and so on. The ratio of wearing brace or leg prosthesis formed 47.4 per cent: crutch 44.3 per cent. The medical rehabilitation service and education for the crippled, are comparatively well carried out. But it is desired to improve and cultivate the vocational training, vocational guidance and special nursing to the insufficiency of their implementation. In the tendency that the rehabilitation and welfare for the handicapped are today emphasized, International Handicapped Rehabilitation Association, declaring that 1970s are the decade of rehabilitation, urged to improve positively the policy of rehabilitation and welfare for the handicapped. But here in korea the handicapped, being the object of social prejudice, ignorance, disdain lives in obscurity. Therefore the government or the community should draw up countermeasure on social under-standing, financial support, and rehabilitation services for the handicapped as well as should endeavor to make them participate in social activities as the productive total- person though they are physically imperfect.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder feeding by 1% level of concentrate on the fattening cross bred bulls(5/8 Korean Native Cattle, 2/8 Charolais, 1/8 Brahman germ plasma) Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment groups which were T1(Full feeding of concentrate and roughage for 12 months), T2(T1 and Scoria addition), T3(T1 and Quartz porphyry addition) and T4(Oak charcoal addition) for 360 days, consisting of 32 heads whose initially weights were about 299.7kg. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. During the over-all period, average daily gains by T3, T4, T2 and T1 were 1.024, 0.987, 0.977kg and 0.964, respectively, without a significant difference by treatments. 2. Concentrate intakes per body weight and TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were lower in addition agent groups than in control, and in all the treatments feed efficiency was higher at early stage for 360 fattening day than at end stage. 3. Carcass weight, dressing percent, back-fat thickness and loin eye muscle area by treatments were 330.9 to 348.4kg(average 340.3kg), 55.2~56.2(average 55.8%), 0.41~0.55(average 0.46cm)and 76.0~80.9$\textrm{cm}^2$(average 77.6$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively, and were improved in addition agent groups than in control. 4. Meat quality grade is higher in addition agent groups than in control, and heads of 1st grade by treatments was 3, 2, 1 and none in T4, T2, T3 and T1, respectively. 5. Incidence heads of diseases by treatment were not apparently different, but diseases of digestive system was decreased in addition agent groups than in control. 6. The nitrate nitrogen content of fattening bull dung which collected in rectum were 0.082~0.089% (average 0.084%), and the content in addition agent groups was smaller than in controll. 7. Income was higher in order of T4, T3, T2, and T1 and incomes of treatment groups were grater than that of control group by 21.4 to 33.5 percent. According to the above results it may be concluded that fattening bulls may be required to feed no more than 1% of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder based on the concentrate feeding level during the fattening period(12 to 24 month of age) to produce high quality meat and increase income.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.611-637
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• 2014

A single plate shear connection, or shear tab, is a very popular shear connection due to its merit in ease of construction and material economy. However, problems in understanding the connection behavior, both in terms of strength and ductility, have been well-documented. Suggestions or design model for single plate connections in AISC Design Manual have been altered several times, with the latest edition settling down to giving designers pre-calculated design strength tables if the connection details agree with given configurations. Results from many full-scale tests and finite element models in the past suggest that shear strength of a bolt group in single plate shear connections might be affected by yield strength of plate material; therefore, this research was aimed to investigate and clarify effects of plate yield strength and thickness on shear strength of the bolt group in the connections, including the validity of using a plate thickness/bolt diameter ratio ($t_p/d_b$) in design, by using finite element models. More than 20 models have been created by using ABAQUS program with 19.0- and 22.2-mm A325N bolts and A36 and Gr.50 plates with various thicknesses. Results demonstrated that increase of plate thickness or plate yield strength, with the $t_p/d_b$ ratio remained intact, could significantly reduce shear strength of the bolt group in the connection as much as 15 percent. Results also confirmed that the $t_p/d_b$ ratio is a valid indicator to be used for guaranteeing strength sufficiency. Because the actual ratio recommended by AISC Design Manual is $t_p/d_b$ + 1.6 (mm) for connections with a number of bolts less than six and plate yield strength in construction is normally higher than the nominal value used in design, it is proposed that shear strength of a bolt group in single plate connections with a number of bolts equal or greater than seven be reduced by 15 percent and the $t_p/d_b$ ratio be limited to 0.500.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

Using the APCHE III tool, this study was about the factors related to the death of ICU-patients. From 1999. 12. 1 to 2000. 9. 30, the 284 patients admitted to ICU at P university who were over 15 years of age were selected for the subjets. The data was analyzed through SPSS WIN program for frequency, percentile, $x^2$-test, t-test and logistic regression. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Of the 284 patients, 88died. The mortality is 31.0 percent. The average APACHE III point was $48.62{\pm}32.32$. The average point of non-survivors was higher than that of survivors. 2) There are the significant difference between APACHE III marks and mortality. The mortality rate were over 50 percent 60 points of the mark. When the marks were over 100 points, the mortality were over 90 percent. Below 40 points, the mortality was below 10 percent. Among the variables in the APACHE III, the most significant variables in explaining death were neurologic abnormalities, pulse, $PaO_2$/$AaDO_2$, creatinine, sodium, glucose, chronic health state and age. According to the variables, the models explained the 42.43 percent of the variance in patient's death. In conclusion, the APACHE III tool can be used to predict the progress of ICU patients, and can also be used for the selection of patients for ICU admission/discharge criteria.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation between obese degree, result of hair tissue mineral analysis and bony maturation. And we also wanted to compare the differences between early bony maturation group(EBM) and late bony maturation group(LBM). Methods : 146 subjects who visited growth clinic were measured by BMI, PBF(percent body fat), percent BMI, bone age esimation and HTMA(hair tissue mineral analysis). The patients were classified into two groups - EBM, LBM group - according to the gap of bone age and chronological age. It was analysed that the correlation of bony maturation and obese degree, nutritional elements, heavy metals, significant ratio of nutritional elements. Also, analysed the differences between groups. Results : 1. BMI, percent BMI had a correlation with bony maturation, PBF however didn't have a correlation with it. 2. Ca, Mg, Zn and P had a positive correlation with bony maturation, and also K, Cr and Mo had a negative correlation. 3. U, As and Cd had a negative correlation with bony maturation. 4. Ca/P, Na/K, Ca/K and Zn/Cu had a positive correlation with bony maturation, and also Na/Mg, Ca/Mg had a negative correlation. 5. Percent BMI, Ca, Mg, Mn and Ca/p were higher in EBM group. 6. K, Mo and Hg were lower in EBM group. Conclusion : According to this study it could be suggested that maintaining proper percent BMI and accumulation of nutritional elements, heavy metals to prevent early bony maturation.