• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2003

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of pebble size on the small-scale sewage treatment apparatus by natural purification method that consisted of aerobic and anaerobic plot. pH and EC in both plots varied minimally regardless of pebble size. DO in aerobic plot increased as the pebble size decreased. That in the anaerobic plot was slightly less in comparison with that of the aerobic plot but varied minimally, $2.4{\sim}5.1\;mg/L$ regardless of pebble size. Under all experimental conditions, removals of BOD, COD and turbidity in anaerobic plot were more than 98, 91 and 98, 98% respectively. Removals of T-N and T-P increased as pebble size decreased. Under all experimental conditions, removals of T-N and T-P in anaerobic plot were about $45{\sim}59$ and $480{\sim}96%$, respectively. Judging from the above results, it should be considered that the optimum pebble size and pebble permeability in both plot was $2{\sim}4$ and $0.1{\sim}4\;mm$, respectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.2174-2183
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• 2021

Helium cooled solid breeder blanket as an important blanket candidate of the Tokamak fusion reactor uses ceramic pebble bed for tritium breeding. Considering the poor effective thermal conductivity of the ceramic breeder pebble bed, thin structure of tritium breeder pebble bed is usually adopted in the blanket design. The container wall has a great influence on the thin pebble bed packing structure, especially for the assembly of mono-sized particles, and thin pebble bed will appear anisotropic effective thermal conductivity phenomenon. In this paper, thin ceramic pebble beds composed of 1 mm diameter Li₄SiO₄ particles are generated by the EDEM 2.7. The effective thermal conductivity of different thickness pebble beds in the three-dimensional directions are analyzed by three-dimensional thermal network method. It is observed that thin Li₄SiO₄ pebble bed showing anisotropic effective thermal conductivity under the practical design size. Normally, the effective thermal conductivity along the bed vertical direction is higher than the horizontal direction due to the gravity effect. As the thickness increases from 10 mm to 40 mm, the effective thermal conductivity of the pebble bed gradually increases.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.238-243
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• 2004

High temperature air blown gasification is new concept to utilize the waste heat from gasifier that is called the multi-staged enthalpy extraction technology. This process was developed to solve the economic problem due to air separation cost for the oxygen-blown as a gasifiying agent. In this study, we have performed the construction of pebble bed gasifier and operated it by controlling the pebble size and bed height. As a result, we can produce the syngas with the calorific value of 700kcal/$Nm^3$ at the condition of air temperature 650$^{\circ}C$.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.177-188
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• 2023

In the context of the shortage of river sand, two types of manufactured sand (MS) were used to partially replace river sand (RS) to design manufactured sand concrete (MSC). A total of 81 specimens were designed for uniaxial compression test and beam flexure test. Two parameters were considered in the tests, including the types of MS (i.e. limestone manufactured sand (LMS), pebble manufactured sand (PMS)) and the MS replacement percentage (i.e., 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The stress-strain curves of MSC were obtained. The effects of these parameters on the compressive strength, elastic modulus, peak strain, toughness and flexural strength were discussed. Additionally, the sensitivity of particle size distributions to the performance of MSC was evaluated based on the grey correlation analysis. The results showed that compared with river sand concrete (RSC), the rising slope of the stress-strain curves of limestone manufactured sand concrete (LMSC) and pebble manufactured sand concrete (PMSC) were higher, the descending phrase of LMSC were gentle but that of PMSC showed an opposite trend. The physical and mechanical properties of MSC were affected by the MS replacement percentage except the compressive strength of PMSC. When the replacement percentage of LMS and PMS were 50% and 25% respectively, the corresponding performances of LMSC and PMSC were better. In generally, when the replacement percentage of LMS and PMS were same, the comprehensive performance of LMSC were better than that of PMSC. The constitutive model and the equations for mechanical properties were proposed. The influence of particle ranging from 0.15 mm to 0 mm on the performance of MSC was lower than particle ranging from 4.75 mm to 0.15 mm but this influence should not be ignored.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.351-366
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to develop software for beach litter detection that includes a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and uses images taken by a micro-unmanned aerial vehicle. Videos were taken over Doomo pebble beach, Sogye pebble beach, and Heungnam sand beach on the northeast coast of Geojedo (Geoje Island), Korea. Still images of actual beach litter were obtained from the videos. The image processing involved preprocessing, morphological image processing, and image recognition. Comparison with still images showing beach litter demonstrated that the software could generally detect litter larger than 50 cm in size such as Styrofoam buoys and circular fish traps (excluding small pixel-size ropes). Combining the proposed method with the conventional surveying approach is expected to enhance the accuracy of beach litter detection. The new technique will also aid in predicting the amount of beach litter generated along coastlines, which is currently difficult to monitor.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 2020

The effect of the foundation size on the efficiency of seismic base isolation using a layer of stone pebbles is experimentally investigated. Four scaled models of buildings with different stiffnesses (from very stiff to soft) were tested, each with the so-called small and large foundation, and exposed to four different accelerograms (different predominant periods and durations). Tests were conducted so that the strains in the model remained elastic and afterwards the models were tested until collapse. Each model was tested for the case of the foundation being supported on a rigid base and on an aseismic layer. Compared to the smaller foundation, the larger foundation results in a reduced rocking effect, higher earthquake forces and lower bearing capacity of the tested models, with respectable efficiency (reduced strain/stress, displacement and increase of the ultimate bearing capacity of the model) for the considered seismic base isolation compared to the foundation on a rigid base.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.881-895
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• 2002

Sediments and river waters form the channel of Hwasun-cheon were studied in sedimentological size and geochemical analyses of metallic elements for the purposes of identification of depositional environments and geochemical characteristics. The sizes of sediments are assigned to pebble to coarse sand in mean size and polymodal in distribution. And the sediments are poorly to very poorly sorted and positively skewed. According to the grain size distributions of the sediments, the Hwasun-cheon belongs to gravel-bed river on the basis of the grain size distribution of the sediments. The behaviors of metallic elements in the sediments mainly depend on not grain size distribution but the geology connected with geomorphological reliefs near the stream. Contamination indices(CI) of Zn, Cu and Pb are 2.83 to 6.96 with average 4.31 in the sediments. Hwasun-cheon is assigned to general stream type in accordance with water quality of physical factors and chemical characteristics by Piper's diagram. Though meaningful values of BOD, T-N, T-P were locally depicted near Masan-ri, Hwasun-eup and Jiseok-cheon areas, artificial metal concentration do not represent in the most area of the stream. Sediments and river water are considered that the relatively more or less high metallic contents in the stream are originated from coal mine and urban area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.752-759
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• 2006

Conglomerates and core-stones are the typical composite geomaterials that are composed of a weak matrix and a strong pebble part. In general, we couldn't analyze the composite geomaterials by using emperical rock classification methods. In the study, a series of analyses of elastic behavior of composite geomaterials are carried out by using homogenization theory. 45-case models are made with considering 3 kind of factors such as gravel content, size and strength of matrix. Those are applicable to various composite geomaterials of conglomerates and core-stones. The size of analysis model is large enough to exceed REV.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.9
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• pp.3464-3471
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• 2023

The Uranium/Molybdenum metallic fuel has been proposed as promising advanced fuel concept especially in the dispersed fuel geometry. The fuel is manufactured in the form of small fuel droplets (particles) placed in a fuel pin covered by a matrix. In addition to fuel particles, the pin contains voids necessary to compensate material swelling and release of fission gases from the fuel particles. When investigating this advanced fuel design, two important questions were raised. Can the dispersed fuel performance be analyzed using homogenization without significant inaccuracy and what size of fuel drops should be used for the fuel design to achieve optimal utilization? To answer, 2D burnup calculations of fuel assemblies with different fuel particle sizes were performed. The analysis was supported by an additional 3D fuel pin calculation with the dispersed fuel particle size variations. The results show a significant difference in the multiplication factor between the homogenized calculation and the detailed calculation with precise fuel particle geometry. The recommended fuel particle size depends on the final burnup to be achieved. As shown in the results, for lower burnup levels, larger fuel drops offer better multiplication factor. However, when higher burnup levels are required, then smaller fuel drops perform better.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.281-294
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• 2012

Filtration using granular media such as quarried sand, anthracite and granular activated carbon is a well-known technique used in both water and wastewater treatment. A relatively new pre-filtration method called pebble matrix filtration (PMF) technology has been proved effective in treating high turbidity water during heavy rain periods that occur in many parts of the world. Sand and pebbles are the principal filter media used in PMF laboratory and pilot field trials conducted in the UK, Papua New Guinea and Serbia. However during first full-scale trials at a water treatment plant in Sri Lanka in 2008, problems were encountered in sourcing the required uniform size and shape of pebbles due to cost, scarcity and Government regulations on pebble dredging. As an alternative to pebbles, hand-made clay pebbles (balls) were fired in a kiln and their performance evaluated for the sustainability of the PMF system. These clay balls within a filter bed are subjected to stresses due to self-weight and overburden, therefore, it is important that clay balls should be able to withstand these stresses in water saturated conditions. In this paper, experimentally determined physical properties including compression failure load (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) and tensile strength at failure (theoretical) of hand-made clay balls are described. Hand-made clay balls fired between the kiln temperatures of $875^{\circ}C$ to $960^{\circ}C$ gave failure loads of between 3.0 kN and 7.1 kN. In another test when clay balls were fired to $1250^{\circ}C$ the failure load was 35.0 kN compared to natural Scottish cobbles with an average failure load of 29.5 kN. The uniaxial compressive strength of clay balls obtained by experiment has been presented in terms of the tensile yield stress of clay balls. Based on the effective stress principle in soil mechanics, a method for the estimation of maximum theoretical load on clay balls used as filter media is proposed and compared with experimental failure loads.