• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.178-185
• /
• 2014

Epidural adhesions cause pain by interfering with the free movement of the spinal nerves and increasing neural sensitivity as a consequence of neural compression. To remove adhesions and deliver injected drugs to target sites, percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis (PEA) is performed in patients who are unresponsive to conservative treatments. We describe four patients who were treated with a newly developed inflatable balloon catheter for more effective PEA and relief of stenosis. In the present patients, treatments with repetitive epidural steroid injection and/or PEA with the Racz catheter or the NaviCath did not yield long-lasting effects or functional improvements. However, PEA and decompression with the inflatable balloon catheter led to maintenance of pain relief for more than seven months and improvements in the functional status with increases in the walking distance. The present case series suggests that the inflatable balloon catheter may be an effective alternative to performing PEA when conventional methods fail to remove adhesions or sufficiently relieve stenosis.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.385-390
• /
• 2019

This study aimed to identify the model fit of various versions of Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) developed for measuring quantitatively the attitude toward doping and to provide the information on Korean version of PEAS. One hundred and eighty elite athletic players participated in this study and they filled out 17 items PEAS under the supervision. And 17 items, 11 items, 9 items, 8 items and 6 items PEAS were analyzed by using confirmatory factor analysis. The result of this study showed that an 8 items PEAS was fit for Korean elite athletic players, and a 6 items PEAS was for adolescents, but insignificant. Therefore, further studies of the relationship between psychosocial factors and attitudes toward doping by using 8-items PEAS would provide precise and useful information for developing anti-doping strategy.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 2022

Agroforestry in terms of intercropping cow pea as summer forage with Grewia tenax was undertaken under sub -irrigation system in two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 in saline soil of Khartoum State of Sudan. The aims were to find out suitable agro forestry system for saline soils as well as to investigate effect of tree spacing on field summer forage crop under semi -irrigation system. Therefore G. tenax trees that spaced at 4×4 m were used as main factor versus cow pea crop that incorporated at 25×50 cm intervals by using completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Trees and crop parameters were determined in terms of plant growth and yield. In addition to land equivalent ratio and soil chemical and physical properties at different layers were determined. The results revealed that, soil parameters in terms of CaCo₃, SAR, ESP, pH paste and EC ds/m were increased with increasing soil depths. Meanwhile tree growth did not show any significant differences in the first season in 2017. Whereas in the second season in 2018 tree growth namely; tree height, tree collar and canopy diameters were higher under intercropping than in sole trees. Cow pea plant height recorded significant differences under sole crop in the first season in 2017. Unlike the forage fresh yield that was significant under the inter cropped plots. Tree fruit yield was higher under sole trees and land equivalent ratio was more advantageous under GS2 (1.5 m) which amounted to 4. Therefore it is possible to introduce this agroforestry system under saline soils to provide summer forage of highly nutritive value to feed animals and to increase farmers' income as far as to halt desertification and to sequester carbon.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.125-127
• /
• 1989

Effects of three types of dietary fibres on blood glucose and liver glycogen were studied in male rats. The fibres were used as 10% of the diet supplemented from dietary sources, white beans, peas and carrots. The experiment continued for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen were determined. The results showed that replacing carrot fibres and pea fibres by white bean fibres produced significant reduction of blood glucose by 28% and 43%, respectively, while exchanging pea fibres by carrot fibres produced no significant reduction of blood glucose gy 20%. Liver glycogen level (mg/100 g liver) was not affected by altering the fibre type in the diet.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 1993

In germinating pea, contents of enodgenous polyamine in the leaf and stem were determined, and protein content, peroxidase activity and pattern of isozymes were examined in the leaf treated with polyamines. During growth of the pea for 14 days in light condition, the polyamines in leaf and stem showed the highest level at the 5th day, and were decreased rapidly at the 7th day, kept almost constant level since then. The putrescine level was relatively higher than those of spermidine and spermine, and cadaverine was also detected. On the other hand, in the leaf treated with spermine (0.01 mM) protein content increased about 250% than that of the control, the peroxidase activity increased ore than 100% in spermine of 0.01 mM and 0.1 mM. In treating with putrescine of 0.1 mM the pattern of peroxidase isozyme appeared 4 new cathodic bands (pI 4.8, 5.6, 5.9 and 6.8) compared with the control, the clear cathodic bands (pI 5.6, 5.9, 6.4 and 6.6) were also observed in spermine of 0.1 mM. These results suggest that polyamines were important factor in the differentiation of pea at the early stage of germination.

• Journal of Photoscience
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2005

We have synthesized an azobenzene-containing polymer (PEA) and a stilbene-containing polymer (PAS) with second-order nonlinear properties. The second harmonic coefficient ($d_{33}$) of the poled polymer films was 84 and 36 pm/V for of PEA and PAS, respectively. The poled state of these polymers was stable at least up to 30 h at room temperature. $T_g$ of these polymers appeared in the range from 120 to $160^{\circ}C$ and onset of initial weight losses in the range from 260 to $270^{\circ}C$. Silicon moieties in the main chain enhanced the solubility of PEA and PAS in common organic solvents such as chloroform, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), etc.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.123-126
• /
• 1996

The pattern of seed storage protein, vicilin, deposition and site of intracellular localization was examined in cotyledon cells of pea (Pisum sativum) seed using the immunocytochemical methods. The vicilin was confined to the cisternae fo the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome as well as protein granules newly formed in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Vacuolar protein deposites and protein bodies were also labelled by gold particles. After small protein bodies were formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they were transported to large protein bodies and then fused together. Electron dense protein granule, elaborated in the dictyosome, appears to be transported from dictyosome to protein body. A few unlabelled protein granules seem to be accumulated in other type of proteins than vicilin.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.235-240
• /
• 2017

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a clinical condition characterized by unresponsiveness and lack of palpable pulse in the presence of organized cardiac electrical activity and is caused by a profound cardiovascular insult (e.g., severe prolonged hypoxia or acidosis, extreme hypovolemia, or flow-restricting pulmonary embolus). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that is characterized by progressive degeneration of all levels of the motor nervous system. Damage to the respiratory system and weakness of the muscles may increase the likelihood of an emergency situation occurring in patients with ALS while under general anesthesia. We report a case of PEA during the induction of general anesthesia in a patient with ALS who presented for dental treatment and discuss the causes of PEA and necessary considerations for general anesthesia in patients with ALS.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2002

Space charge distributions and behaviors in silane crosslinked polyethylene(SXLPE)/ crosslinked polyethylene(XLPE) laminates were investigated using a pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method. In case of monolayer, XLPE shows heterocharge while SXLPE shows homocharge. It was observed that charges were accumulated at the interface of SXLPE/XLPE laminate when applied electric field was more than 20kV/mm. The charge profile at various temperatures was also acquired using temperature-controllable PEA system. Although applied electric field is only 8.6 kV.mm, positive interfacial charge starts to appear near 50$^{\circ}C$. It was found that the interfacial charge behavior of SXLPE/XLPE laminate under low voltage at high temperature is corresponding to that under high voltage at room temperature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1441-1447
• /
• 2006

The light perception and phototransformation of phytochromes are the first process of the phytochrome-mediated light signal transduction. The chromophore ligation and its photochromism of various site-specific and deletion mutants of pea phytochrome A and bacterial phytochrome-like protein (Cph1) were analyzed in vitro. Serial truncation mutants from the N-terminus and C-terminus indicated that the minimal N-terminal domain for the chromophore ligation spans from the residue 78 to 399 of pea phytochrome A. Site-specific mutants indicated that several residues are critical for the chromophore ligation and/or photochromism. Histidine-324 appears to serve as an anchimeric residue for photochromism through its H-bonding function. Isoleucine-80 and arginine-383 playa critical role for the chromophore ligation and photochromism. Arginine-383 is presumably involved in the stabilization of the Pfr form of pea phytochrome A. Apparently, the amphiphilic ${\alpha}$-helix centered around the residue-391 is in the chromophore pocket and critical for the chromophore ligation.