• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2001

Early infection process of Phytophthora capsici in pumpkin stems was similar in the compatible and incompatible interactions 24 h after inoculation. Intercellularly growing hyphae penetrated host parenchyma cells by growing hyphae penetrated host parenchyma cells by forming haustoria. An extrahaustorial matrix was found around the haustoria in both compatible and incompatible interactions. No wall appositions were observed at the infection sites in the parenchyma cells. In the compatible interaction, infecting hyphae grew well in the intercellular spaces between xylem vessels in stem tissues. Degraded host cell wall, plasmolysis of plasma membrane, and degenerated chloroplasts were pathological features of pumpkin stem tissues in both compatible and incompatible interactions. A characteristic host response in the resistant pumkin cultivar Danmatmaetdol was rapid cytoplasmic movement of host cells toward the oomycete haustoria.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.133.2-134
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• 2003

The major hurdle of conventional chemotherapeutics is the toxicity to normal tissue. The possible therapeutic advantage(s) of nano-particle encapsulated chemotherapeutics (nano-molecules) may be the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Nano-molecules with increase volume may incorporated into the tumor tissue selectively, which is composed of rather sparse structure. EPR effect may cause of increased effectiveness with lower tixicity to normal tissue of nano-chemotherapeutics. (omitted)

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2006

The effects of various temperature shifts on the kinetics of the humoral antibody response in oliver flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, immunised with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda, were determined by measuring the antibody production in vivo and in vitro. When fish acclimated to a high temperature and immunised at that temperature were transferred to a lower temperature (22℃ to 12℃) at a various times after immunisation, the fish showed a weaker immune response than that achieved when the fish were kept at a high environmental temperature. However, in the converse experiment (12℃ to 22℃), the magnitude of the humoral immune response was recovered independent of the time of the transfer after immunisation at low temperature, even though the peak levels of each transferred group did not reach the level found in the positive control group that was maintained and immunised at a high environmental temperature. Hence, these studies provide some evidence that the potential for antibody production in B cells of oliver flounder immunized at high temperature is not impaired by subsequent exposure to low temperature.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.609-622
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• 2019

Sound vibration (SV) treatment can trigger various molecular and physiological changes in plants. Previously, we showed that pre-exposure of Arabidopsis plants to SV boosts its defense response against Botrytis cinerea fungus. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes in the proteome states in the SV-treated Arabidopsis during disease progression. Proteomics analysis identified several upregulated proteins in the SV-infected plants (i.e., SV-treated plants carrying Botrytis infection). These upregulated proteins are involved in a plethora of biological functions, e.g., primary metabolism (i.e., glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, ATP synthesis, cysteine metabolism, and photosynthesis), redox homeostasis, and defense response. Additionally, our enzyme assays confirmed the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes in the SV-infected plants compared to control plants. Broadly, our results suggest that SV pre-treatment evokes a more efficient defense response in the SV-infected plants by modulating the primary metabolism and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is one of the four subtypes of gastric carcinoma (GC), as defined by the novel classification recently proposed by The Cancer Genome Atlas. EBVaGC has several clinicopathological features such as longer survival and higher frequency of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) and carcinoma with Crohn's disease-like lymphoid reaction that distinguish it from EBV-negative GC. The intensity and pattern of host cellular immune response in GC have been found to significantly correlate with the prognosis of patients with GC, suggesting that immune reaction and tumor microenvironment have critical roles in the progression of GC, and in particular, EBVaGC. Here, we reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying prominent immune reactions in patients with EBVaGC. In EBVaGC, deregulation of the expression of immune response-related genes promotes marked intra-or peritumoral immune cell infiltration. The expression of programmed death receptor-ligand 1 is known to be increased in EBVaGC, and therefore, it has been proposed as a favorable prognostic factor for patients with EBVaGC, albeit some data supporting this claim are controversial. Overall, the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of the host cellular immune response in patients with EBVaGC have not been thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, further research is necessary to better understand the role of tumor microenvironment in EBVaGC.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.449-465
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• 2023

Plants are challenged by various pathogens throughout their lives, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and insects; consequently, they have evolved several defense mechanisms. In addition, plants have developed localized and systematic immune responses due to biotic and abiotic stress exposure. Animals are known to activate DNA damage responses (DDRs) and DNA damage sensor immune signals in response to stress, and the process is well studied in animal systems. However, the links between stress perception and immune response through DDRs remain largely unknown in plants. To determine whether DDRs induce plant resistance to pathogens, Arabidopsis plants were treated with bleomycin, a DNA damage-inducing agent, and the replication levels of viral pathogens and growth of bacterial pathogens were determined. We observed that DDR-mediated resistance was specifically activated against viral pathogens, including turnip crinkle virus (TCV). DDR increased the expression level of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the total salicylic acid (SA) content and promoted mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, including the WRKY signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that defense-and SA-related genes were upregulated by DDR. The atm-2atr-2 double mutants were susceptible to TCV, indicating that the main DDR signaling pathway sensors play an important role in plant immune responses. In conclusion, DDRs activated basal immune responses to viral pathogens.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.95-109
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• 1996

잉어의 순환혈액 림프구의 기능적 분화 유무를 조사하기 위해 포유류를 기준으로한 T 림프구 또는 B 림프구 mitogen인 Con A, PHA 및 LPS와 비특이적 면역 증강제로 Mycobacterium bovis의 약독 균주인 BCG를 각각 잉어, Cyprinus carpio의 복강 내로 주사한 후 시간 경과별 순환혈액 림프구의 수적인 변화와 DNA량의 변화를 조사하고 로젯형성 반응을 실시하였다. mitogen 투여 결과 림프구수와 DNA량 모두 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. mitogen 투여 후 1주와 2주째 최고치에 도달하였으며 BCG와 Con A 투여구가 PHA나 LPS 투여구에 비해 자극 효과가 장기간 지속되었다. 또, 동일한 mitogen의 반복 투여에 비해 T cell과 B cell mitogen을 교차 투여한 실험구의 림프구 자극 효과가 높게 나타났으며, 로젯형성 반응 결과 BCG와 PHA 반복 투여구의 로젯형성 세포수가 가장 높게 나타난 것으로 보아 잉어의 순환혈액내에 기능적으로 분화된 서로 다른 림프구가 존재한다고 사료된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2007

잉어의 선천성 면역 인자가 관여하는 항바이러스 면역 반응을 조사하기 위해 UV-inactivated SVCV, Poly I:C 및 Con A를 주사한 후 3일째 라이소자임 활성, 혈청 내 보체의 살균능력 및 식세포의 활성산소량을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 모든 시험구에서 혈청 내 라이소자임의 활성은 유의적인 차이를 나타나지 않았으나, 두신 조직의 라이소자임 활성은 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 혈청 내 보체의 살균 능력도 모든 시험구에서 대조구와 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 식세포의 활성은 UV-inactivated SVCV 시험구에서는 농도에 따라 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, Poly I:C 및 Con A 시험구에서는 저농도에서 활성이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 바이러스에 대한 방어력을 조사하기 위해 주사 후 4일째 1×104 TCID50/fish 농도의 SVCV로 인위 감염한 결과 UV-inactivated SVCV 및 Poly I:C 시험구에서는 Con A 시험구에 비해 높은 방어력을 나타내었다. 또한, Poly I:C 시험구에서 라이소자임 및 식세포 활성이 다소 감소한 고농도에서도 높은 방어력이 유도된 것으로 나타나 이러한 결과는 Poly I:C에 의해 자극된 또 다른 비특이적 면역 인자가 SVCV에 대한 방어반응에 관여한 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1996

Glassy cell carcinoma is an unusual neoplasm of the uterine cervix that accounts for $1{\sim}2%$ of all cervical malignancy. It is a rapidly progressive and biologically aggressive disease with poor response to therapy. This tumor is considered to be a poorly differentiated mixed adenosquamous carcinoma. The cytologic findings are characterized by tumor cells arranged predominantly in syncytial like aggregates and an inflammatory background. The tumor cells have moderate amounts of eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasm, which is often finely granular. The nuclei are relatively large and have fine chromatin with prominent eosinophilic nucleoli. Cytologically, glassy cell carcinoma is most likely to be confused with large cell nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and with atypical reparative cells. Herein, we report three cases of glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix diagnosed by cervicovaginal smear and confirmed by histologic section with review of literatures.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.388-393
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• 2018

The activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 belongs to the ATF/CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding bZIP [Basic Leucine Zipper]) transcription factor family, and plays a central role in the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) process in cells. The induction of ATF4 expression has previously been shown to increase the replication of HIV-1. However, the detailed mechanism underlying this effect and the factors involved in the regulation of ATF4 function are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate first that knocking out ATF4 using siRNA shows a strong negative effect on HIV-1 production, indicating that ATF4 is a functional positive cellular factor in HIV-1 production. To determine the mechanism by which ATF4 regulates the HIV-1 life cycle, we assessed the effect of the overexpression of wild type ATF4 and its various derivatives on HIV-1 LTR-mediated transcriptional activation and the production of HIV-1 particles. This effect was studied through co-transfection experiments with either reporter vectors or proviral DNA. We found that the N-terminal domains of ATF4 are involved in HIV-1 LTR-mediated transcriptional activation, and thus in HIV-1 production.