• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity, the association between the undesirable lifestyles and socioeconomic factors, the association between childhood obesity and various risk factors, including socioeconomic factors, and the agreement between the body mass index (BMI) classification and the body fat percentage. Methods: The study subjects were all the 5th grade students from all the elementary schools in Gunpo City, Kyunggi Province, South Korea (4043 children at 22 schools). The subjects were measured for their height, weight and percent body fat etc. and they were also surveyed by questionnaire from March 18th to April 25th, 2005. To determine whether the children were within normal limits or not, standardized BMIs for each age group were used. The data was analyzed by logistic regression analysis using SAS 9.0 version. Results: The prevalence of childhood obesity prevalence was 25.1 %. Boys had a higher prevalence of obesity (27.5%) than did the girls (22.5%). Children had tendencies of having undesirable lifestyles and getting obese if they had a lower socioeconomic status. The risk factors for childhood obesity were low paternal education (OR: 1.17, 95% CI : 0.97-1.42) and non-parental caregivers (OR: 1.34, 95% CI : 0.98-1.82). Other risk factors for childhood obesity were a high birth-weight, longer TV/computer-using time, a lower fruit-eating frequency, short sleeping hours and parental obesity. The agreement rate between the BMI classification and the body fat percentage was 93.1 %. Conclusions: This study showed the children had a higher prevalence of obesity: further, not only individual lifestyles, but also socioeconomic factors could influence childhood obesity. Childhood obesity was especially more problematic for children with a low socioeconomic status.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 1999

Obesity in children is a major concern of public health. This study was performed to illuminate its effect on weight control program and the associated factors of obesity-related habits and obesity index in primary school obese children. Weight control program consisted of behavioral modification, nutrition education and exercise during 17 weeks. The sample consisted of treatment group(n=42) and control group(n=41). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in obesity index, socioeconomic status and grade. To assess the effects of weight control program, the subjects were given pre-test and post-test such as the measurement of anthropometric values and self-reporting questionnaire. This result of this study were as follows; 1. After weight control program was applied, there was a significant decrease in obesity index among the treatment group. Obesity-related habits score of the treatment group increased significantly, While there was not much difference between the pre-test and the post-test among the control group. But exercise habit didn't increase significantly in the both groups. 2. Correlation between obesity-related habits and obesity index were not evident. 3. After application of weight control program, the factors associated with change of eating habit were children's past experience of weight control, motivational change toward weight control program and friends' support for treatment group. The factors associated with change of exercise habit were post-test motivation score and friends' support. Motivational change toward weight control and pre-test self-efficacy of exercise behavior were counter-related to exercise habit. For change of other obesity-related habits, initial obesity index, motivational change, post-test self-efficacy score of exercise behavior and paternal educational status were closely associated. But post-test self-efficacy score of eating behavior was unrelated. 4. Only the factor of experience of weight control was associated with change of obesity index. 5. For the both groups, the factors associated with change of eating habits were post-test self-efficacy of eating behavior and family's support. The factors associated with change of exercise behavior were self-efficacy changes of exercise behavior and friends' support. The factors associated with change of other obesity-related habits were self-efficacy change of eating behavior. Initial obesity index was associated with change of obesity index. 6. The rate of dropouts from weight control program was 28.6% (12/42) in treatment group. Initial obesity index, other obesity-related habits except eating exercise habits, friend's support were associated with dropout. In conclusion, these results indicated that weight control program in primary school settings was effective. Direct exercise regimen and practice was demanded. In addition to the program itself, much of the success is dependent on the degree of motivation of the children involved and support provided by their parents and friends. Further study need to be performed under the condition that the weight control progrom is applied for a longer period.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.651-654
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• 2011

농촌진흥청 원예특작과학원에서는 2006년에 분홍색과 황색 조합형의 수출용 중 대형품종을 육성할 목적으로 1995년에 분홍색계열의 Lucky Rainbow 'Randevous' 와 황색계 중 형종 'Eastern Star' 품종을 교배하여 오렌지색톤의 심비디움 '오렌지볼'(Cymbidium 'Orange Bowl') 신품종을 개발하였다. 1996년부터 2006년까지 종자기내파종, 온실양성, 선발 그리고 특성검정으로 균일성, 안정성, 화색, 화수, 엽형등이 우수하여 2006년 12월 농작물 직무육성 심의회를 거쳐 'Orange Bowl'로 명명하였다. 'Orange Bowl' 품종은 화색이 노랑색 꽃잎 바탕색(RHS, YO21D)에 주황색의 굵은선(OR30B)이 있어 두가지 화색으로 독특하며, 1개 꽃대에 10.9개의 소화가 착생하며 화폭이 약 7.4cm로 크다. 꽃모양은 꽃받침과 꽃잎이 안쪽으로 약간 오므라드는 둥근 모양이고 꽃대는 반직립성이며 식물체 크기는 중형이다. 꽃은 보통재배시 한겨울인 1월 하순경부터 개화하는 중 생종이며 잎 형태는 꼬임이 적은 반직립성이고 꽃대의 길이는 71.8cm로 강건하여 수출용 재배에 적합하다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2018

본 연구는 영화 <케빈에 대하여>를 융의 개성화 이론을 통해 분석하고자 한다. 동명의 원작소설을 바탕으로 가족과 다수의 인물을 살해한 소년과 어머니에 대한 내용이다. 모성애를 소재로 한 영화들은 자녀를 위해 헌신하는 모성의 숭고함을 드러내거나 때로 사회적 통념이나 윤리를 거스르는 행위조차도 서슴지 않는 모성을 등장시키는 장르 영화로 표현한다. 또는 모성성과 충돌하는 여성의 욕망을 표현하여 모성이데올로기에 대해 의문을 제기한다. 모성이데올로기는 근대적 산물로서 산업화 사회에서 성역할을 고정하는 영향을 끼쳤다. 이를 통해 부성애와 달리 모성애는 여성성과 동일시 되며 여성은 가족구성원으로서 개인의 양육 책임을 넘어 안전한 사회적 구성원을 길러내도록 책임이 강조되었다. 영화<케빈에 대하여>는 양육과정에서 애착형성이 부족한 모자관계에서 발생한 범죄의 서사로 전개되지만 이는 '모성애가 부족해 자식을 잘못 기른 어머니'라는 모성이데올로기의 재연이 아니다. 어머니 에바는 모성이데올로기와 충돌하는 자신의 욕망에 대한 갈등을 모자 관계에 투사했고 아들 케빈 역시 어머니를 통해 자신의 페르소나에 영향을 끼친 투사를 경험한다. 본고는 융의 개성화이론을 통해 등장인물들이 투사하는 자아를 직면하고 외부적 역할이나 이상에서 벗어나 자신의 삶의 목표를 찾아 자기실현을 하는 것으로 분석하고자 한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.165-176
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to contribute to family nursing in the areas of reducing stress and improving coping for parents of mentally retarded children. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires during a period of 2 months between November 1994 and January 1995 in the Kyoung-in area. The subjects consist of 176 parents (88 mothers and 88 fathers) of mentally retarded children attending schools for the handicapped. The levels of general stress and of parental role stress were measured with the General stress scale and the Parental role stress scale, respectively. The coping scale developed by Folkman ＆ LaZarus was adopted to measure the level of coping, and the patterns of adaptation scale developed by Damrosch ＆ Perry was adopted to measure the patterns of adaptation. The data were analyzed by a SAS program using Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, and oneway ANOVA. The results are as follows ; 1. The level of general stress was significantly higher in mothers than in fathers. Mothers experienced a significantly greater level of parental role stress than fathers did. No significant difference in the level of coping was observed between mothers and fathers. There were differences in maternal and paternal patterns of adaptation. 2. The adaptation pattern of fathers was different according to their level of general stress, parental role stress and coping. The adaptation pattern of mothers was not different according to their level of general stress and parental role stress, but was according to their level of coping. 3. General stress experienced by fathers was different according to education, health status and support from their spouses. Satisfaction with family life, satisfaction with spouse and the support from spouse influenced coping used by fathers. Their level of parental role stress was not associated with any of their general characteristics. 4. In mothers, the level of general stress was different according to their health status, the level of parental role stress was related to satisfaction with family life and satisfaction with spouse. Their level of coping was associated with the sup port from spouse. The above findings indicate that mothers did not have more coping strategies than fathers did, despite the results which showed that mothers experienced greater stress than fathers did. Especially, the adaptation pattern of mothers was different according to their level of coping. Hence, nursing interventions directed at managing stress and improving coping should be used with mothers who use adaptation pattern 1. In particular, fathers should actively participate in parenting, and support their spouses.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 품행장애를 보이는 청소년에서 우울및 불안의 정도를 알아보고 또한 자신의 부모가 보이는 자녀 양육 방식에 대해 그들이 어떠한 지각을 하고 있는가를 살펴봄으로써, 품행장애 환아들에서 흔히 동반되는 우울, 불안 증상과 부모양육방식 사이에는 어떤 상호관련이 있으며 이는 또한 품행장애의 임상경과와 어떤 관련이 있는지를 알아보는데 있다. 이러한 목적하에 저자들은 DSM-Ⅳ의 진단기준에 부합되는 품행장애 입원환아 30명과 정상대조군으로 30명의 중학생을 선정하였으며, 이들에게 소아우울척도(CDI), 소아 상태-특성 불안척도(STAI), 부모-자녀 결합형태 검사(PBI)를 시행한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 품행장애 환아들은 정상대조군에 비해 증상면에서 상태불안(state anxiety)이 높았으나 우울과 특성불안(trait anxiety)은 의미있는 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 2) 품행장애 환아들은 부모의 양육태도에 있어서 아버지와 어머니 모두에 대해 돌봄이 적고 과보호가 많다는 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3) 어머니의 돌봄은 우울 및 품행문제의 심각도와 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 4) 어머니의 과보호는 특성불안과 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 품행장애 환아에 있어 아버지 양육태도의 특성은 그다지 의미있는 결과를 보여주지 않아 아버지보다는 어머니의 부정적인 양육 방식이 품행장애 소아청소년의 우울, 불안 및 품행문제의 심각도등의 임상경과와 보다 밀접한 관련성을 갖는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prenatal, perinatal, and infancy history of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared to unaffected siblings (SIB) and typically developing children (TC). Methods: Subjects with ASD, their SIB, and TC were recruited. All subjects were assessed using both the Korean version of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (K-ADI-R) and the Korean version of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (K-ADOS) and were subsequently identified as affected or unaffected. Prenatal, perinatal, and infancy history was obtained from the primary caregivers and each facet was compared in those with ASD, the SIB, and the TC groups using SPSS ver. 17.0 (p<.05). Results: 70 individuals with ASD (63 males, 87.94${\pm}$37.8months), 53 SIB (27 males, 85.4087.94${\pm}$48.06 months), and 32 TC (19 males, 104.1987.94${\pm}$23.409 months) were analyzed. The ASD group showed significantly higher rates of insufficient vaccination as they aged age ($x^2$=15.54, p=.000). Among the scheduled vaccinations, the DPT vaccination ($x^2$=10.08, p=.006) was insufficient in ASD groups. The ASD group also showed higher rates of sleep disturbances from infancy. Differences in maternal/paternal age at conception, gestational age, and growth parameters at birth were not significantly difference among the three groups. Conclusion: These results do not support the previous controversies regarding the relationship between prenatal/perinatal complications and ASD. However, these results indicate that perinatal and prenatal factors may contribute to the development of ASD.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2020

본 논문의 목적은 음양오행이 배속되어 있는 십간십이지의 기원과 의의에 대하여 고찰해보는 것이다. 십간과 십이지가 고대 중국 역법에서 비롯되었을 것이라는 가설과 신화적인 기록이라고 할지라도 고전문헌에 기록된 자료의 내용, 고고학적으로 갑골문자에 남겨진 기록 등을 차례로 살펴봄으로써 동양 인문사회과학에서 기필코 간과할 수 없는 십간십이지에 대한 시작점을 탐색해 나가고자 하였다. 십간십이지의 문헌적 고찰을 통해 이 부호체계는 신석기 후기 부계 씨족사회를 이끌던 황제와 그의 스승 대요에 의해 완성되었을 것이라고 본 연구자는 생각한다. 그 이유는 제순시대에 남겨진 고대 천상대 유물이 십간과 연관된 10월력의 사용을 뒷받침하고, 갑골문에 나타난 십간이 신성성을 유지함과 동시에 역법에 사용되었음을 볼 때 시간을 기록화하고자 하였던 역법의 시대와 그 궤를 같이한다고 보기 때문이다. 명리학에 대한 이론체계의 논리성 담보, 그리고 통계적 사회과학 기법을 통한 증명 등 부단한 연구 노력이 진행되는 과정에서 그 근간이 되는 십간십이지에 대한 이 문헌적 고찰이 향후 관련 연구에 도움이 될 것이라고 생각한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2014

Objectives: Children are more susceptible to heavy metal toxicity than adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Korean preschoolers and investigate the association between metals in blood and related factors. Methods: A total of 512 subjects from 36 to 83 months of age were sampled. A questionnaire survey was performed and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were measured in the blood samples of all subjects. Their parents were interviewed in order to obtain information on basic characteristics, dietary patterns, socio-economic factors, and indoor/outdoor environment of the preschoolers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the above factors and lead, mercury or cadmium concentrations. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in the blood were $1.45{\pm}1.58{\mu}g/dL$, $2.14{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}1.91{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were associated with birth weight and paternal smoking status. Daily mercury intake from food and maternal education were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in blood. Also, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with maternal age and having a bus garage near the place of residence. Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking status, dietary patterns and the environmental status near the residence should be considered as important factors for preventable sources of heavy metal exposure in preschoolers.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2003

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary neuromuscular disease. It is inherited manifestations. In some rare cases, the disease can also be manifested in females. The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular alteration in two cases of nonrelated DMD symptomatic carriers with no previous history of DMD. Multiplex PCR is commonly used to search for deletion in the DMD gene of affected males. This method could not be used in females because the normal X chromosome masks the deletion of the mutated one. Therefor, we used a set of seven highly polymorphic dinucleotide $(CA)_n$ repeat markers that lie within the human dystrophin gene. The deletions were evidenced by hemizygosity of the loci under study. We localized a deletion in the locus 7A (intron 7) on the maternal X chromosome in one case, and a deletion in the region of introns 49 and 50 on the paternal X chromosome in the other. The use of microsatellite genotyping within the DMD gene enables the detection of the mutant allele in female carriers. It is also a useful method to provide DMD families with more accurate genetic counseling.