• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.141-153
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• 2023

In order to develop and take full advantage of pasture fiber and waste concrete, this article studied how different amounts of pasture fiber influenced the toughness and pore structure of concrete with different replacement rates of recycled fine aggregate. Pasture fiber recycled concrete constitutive equations were established under idealized stiffness and toughness damage rate, based on fracture energy and damage mechanics theories. The relationship between pore structure and toughness was studied utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance and fractal theory. The toughness of text groups (0% (JZ), 10% (ZS10), 20% (ZS20)) first increased and then decreased with increasing amounts of pasture fiber, based on the damage rate of toughness. The toughness of concrete samples with recycled fine aggregate and pasture fiber is negatively correlated to the fractal dimension of small and medium-sized pores with a pore size of 0-500 nm. At a replacement rate of 10% of the recycled fine aggregate, the fractal dimension of the air voids (r: 500-9000 nm, i.e., Lg(r) ∈ [2.7, 3.9]) shows a gradual decrease with the increase of grass fiber dosage, indicating that with such a replacement rate of the recycled fine aggregate, the increase of pasture fiber can reduce the complexity of the pore structure of the air voids (500-9000 nm).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1606-1613
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Yerba Mate (YM) supplementation on nutrients' degradation, in vitro dry matter disappearance, gas production and rumen ammonia concentration. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein Friesian cows were used for the in situ incubations and provided rumen liquor for in vitro incubations. The inclusion of YM in a control diet (pasture+pellets) affected some in sacco degradation parameters. YM supplementation decreased the effective degradability and degradation rate of pasture crude protein (CP), and it seems to slow down the degradation of pasture neutral detergent fiber. A significant increase of degradation of pasture acid detergent fiber (ADF) was detected after YM inclusion in the control diet. YM supplementation reduced in vitro gas production of pasture and ammonia concentration of pellets. The addition of YM in ruminant diet could decrease ammonia production and increase protein availability for productive purposes. The moderate presence of tannins in YM could have affected the degradation kinetics of pasture CP and ADF and the ammonia production of pellets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.137-140
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of slope exposure and altitude on the dry matter yield and on the grass quality in mountain pasture for 2-year period from 1986 to 1987. 1. Dry matter yield and crude protein content of grasses by slope exposure in mountain pasture were higher on the northern slope than that on the southern slope and, on both sides of slope, were increased as the altitude was high. 2. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) contents, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not different between different slope exposures and between different altitudes.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1996

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of grazing stage and intensity on the forage production and nutritive value in orchardgrass dominant pasture, 1989 and 1990. The grazing stages were 20- 25m, 30-35cm and 40-45cm of plant height, and high and medium grazing intensity were set by the number of growing cows (initial body weight: 230-250kg), which was adJusted according to the pasture production. The high level of grazing intensity was 150% of medium intensity. Annual grazing frequency was 10 times in 20-25cm. 8 times in 30-35cm. and 6 times in 40-45cm of plant height. Dry matter(DM) yield was increased with increasing of plant height at grazing : 7,090kg in 20-25cm 7,882kg in 30-35n and 8,260 kgha in 40-45cm of height. Higher DM was observed at medium grazing intensity. In spring, daily DM production was more vigorous than those in summer and autumn season. Cmde protein (CP), digestible DM, and DM intake were decreased with increasing of plant height at grazing. CP content was 25.8% in 20-25cm 22.4% in 30-35m and 19.2% in 40-45cm, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were increased with higher plant height. Relative feed value was 11 1.2 in 20-25cm, 104.4 in 30-35n and 99.6 in 40-45cm. Also nutritive value of pre-grazing pasture plants was remarkably higher than that of post-grazing, and not significant differences of nutritive value were found between grazing intensity. From the above mults, it may be concluded that optimum plant height for grazing was 20-25cm and 30- 35cm in pasture mixtures dominated by orchardgms, and medium grazing intensity was very desirable for pasture productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1991

For simple estimation of pasture production and nutritive value in relation to height of orchardgrass (Ductylis glomumtu L.), the experiment was carried out in a pasture mixture dominated by orchardgrass. The samples of grasses were harvested at the heights of about 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 cm at the first harvest under different percentage of 100 (grass coverage): 0 (bareland), 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 40 : 60 and 20 : 80, respectively. As the height of orchardgrass was increased, fresh and dry matter (DM) yield were significantly increased. The regression equation between DM yield (Y) and height (X) was Y=ll. 5390 X- 146.60 (r=O. 9414 * * ). Also the higher bareland, the lower pasture production was observed. As the plant height at the first harvest was increased, the contents of crude (C) protein, C. fat, C. ash and relative feed value were markedly decreased. On the other hand, the contents of C. fiber, NFE, NDF. ADF, cellulose and lignin were significantly increased, respectively. The higher height, the lower DM digestibility was found. The equation between digestibility (Y) and height (X) was Y=- 0.2193 X+ 80.99 (r = - 0.9862**). Considering DM yield, digestibility and crude protein, the optimum height of orchardgrass at the first harvest was 59 to 67crn for better pasture production and nutritive value.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1994

Forage quality evaluation with several grasses grown at a high altitude pasture situated at 1,000m above sea level was made to determine what is the feed value of these grasses and whether these grasses have any differences in forage quality compared with the grdsses grown at lowland pastures. In this experiment, Common, Venture, and Palaton reed canarygrass (Phahris arundinucea L.) and Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were used and harvested at two different dates, 5 July and 30 September, 1989. Cmde protein (CP) concentrations in the grasses grown in September were higher than in July. Among the grasses grown, Palaton and Common reed canarygrass were highest in CP concentration in July and September, respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations in the grasses harvested in July were higher than in September. Palaton reed canruygrass was lowest in ADF and NDF concentrations at the both harvest dates. Relative feed value (RFV) in the grases harvested in July was ranged from 92 to 105 and that in September was from 110 to 117. Palation reed canarygrass had the highest RFV of 105 and 117 in July and September, respectively, therefore, the forage quality of this grass was ranked as Grade 2 based on the AFGC Hay Quality Standards. Overall forage quality of the grasses grown at a high altitude pasture seemed to be higher than the forage quality at lowland pastures. Based on the RFV assigned by the AFGC, forages with RFV 92 to 117 in this experiment could only work well in rations for low producing dairy cows.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the effect of establishment of organic pasture by hoof cultivation with Korean black goat on productivity of grassland and properties of soil. This study was conducted from August, 2005 to September, 2008 at Cheonan, Korea. Experiment was designed composing with 4 treatment : Standard (Control, T1), Grazing after application of cattle manure (T2), Application of cattle manure after grazing (T3), Application of cattle manure at half of grazing (T4). The establishment ratio of pasture in control treatment increased significantly as compared with that of organic treatment(p<0.05). The yield of dry matter (DM) of pasture in control treatment increased significantly as compared with that of organic treatment. The contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of pasture were not influenced by cattle manure and grazing method. Grasses coverage ratio in grassland in second year after grassland development were higher than that of first year. The contents of organic matter (OM) and $P_2O_5$ in soil samples collected in organic treatment at the end of the experiment were higher than those of control. However, The pH, and the concentrations of CEC (Ca, Na and Mg) in soil samples collected in organic treatment were hardly influenced, as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment. This study suggests that the grasses and legumes coverage ratio in grassland can be improved by suitable pasture management.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.818-824
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• 2014

The nutrient composition of pasture, voluntary intake and digestibility of diet ingested by goats grazing on an introduced Leymus chinensis pasture were measured across spring (May), summer (July), autumn (October) and winter (March). In each season, 12 Inner Mongolian Cashmere goats (6 wethers and 6 does with an average live weight of $22.2{\pm}1.3$ kg and $19.5{\pm}0.8$ kg, respectively) were used to graze on a 2 hectares size paddock. Diet selection was observed and the plant parts selected by grazing goats and whole plant L. chinensis were sampled simultaneously. The alkane pair $C_{32}:C_{33}$ and $C_{36}$ were used to estimate intake and digestibility, respectively. The results showed that the plant parts selected by goats had higher crude protein (CP) and lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than the whole plant, especially in the autumn and winter. The voluntary intake of dry matter (DM), CP, ADF, NDF, and metabolizable energy (ME) by goats was highest in summer (p<0.05). The goats ingested more CP, ME, and less ADF in spring than in autumn (p<0.05). The intakes of DM, CP, and ME were lowest in winter (p<0.05). There were significant differences in nutrient intake between wethers and does in each season, except for the ADF and ME intake per metabolic weight ($LW^{0.75}$). The nutrient digestibilities were higher in spring and summer, and decreased significantly during the autumn and winter (p<0.05). Goats, especially wethers, had a relative constant NDF digestibility across seasons, however, the apparent digestibility of CP in both wethers and does, decreased to negative values in winter. The grazing goats experienced relatively sufficient nutrients supply in spring and summer, and a severe deficiency of CP and ME in winter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in fresh leaves of two Japanese native grasses (Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis) and one sown temperate grass (Dactylis glomerata) were investigated by an in sacco method in spring (mid-May), summer (mid-July) and autumn (mid-September). Japanese native grasses had higher NDF and lower CP concentrations than D. glomerata, and the CP concentration in native grasses decreased in autumn. Ruminal degradability of DM, NDF and CP was lower in native grasses than in D. glomerata (p<0.05) in all seasons. DM and NDF degradability decreased in summer for Z. japonica and D. glomerata, while it decreased in autumn for M. sinensis. CP degradability in Z. japonica was constant throughout the seasons, whereas that in M. sinensis greatly decreased in summer and autumn (p<0.05). It was concluded that Z. japonica could stably supply ruminally digestible nutrients for grazing animals in Japanese native pasture. However, the degradation characteristics of freshly chopped native grasses did not fit the exponential model of $D=a+b(1-e^{-ct})$ proposed by Ørskov and McDonald.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to offer basic information for the promotion of the goat industry and the improvement of mountainous-pasture management by investigating seasonal changes in forage and livestock productivity according to the grazing-pasture type. The forage productivity of rangeland was the highest (p < 0.05) in summer and decreased in autumn; but that of pasture was the largest (p < 0.05) in spring and had relatively stable productivity with minor seasonal differences, although it decreased slightly in autumn. The dry matter content was not seasonally different at pasture, but it was changeable from spring to autumn at rangeland. The crude protein content increased in autumn at pasture (p < 0.05), and decreased in summer and autumn compared with spring at rangeland. The crude fiber content was lower and the ether extract was higher at pasture compared with rangeland. The average daily gain of the goats was different depending on forage productivity and pasture type; consequently, the lowered forage productivity at rangeland compared with pasture means that rangeland needs to be changed or improved to a pasture type that provides a more effective grazing system for goats.