• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.145-166
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• 2023

Parrots have been threatened by global trade to meet their high demand as pets. Controlling parrot trade is essential because parrots play a vital role in the ecosystem. Accurate species identification is crucial for controlling parrot trade. Parrots have been traded as eggs due to their advantages of lower mortality rates and more accessible transport than live parrots. A molecular method is required to identify parrot eggs because it is difficult to perform identification using morphological features. In this study, DNAs were obtained from 43 unidentified parrot eggs using a non-destructive sampling method. Partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene was then successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences newly obtained in the present study were compared to those available in the GenBank by database searching. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify species using available sequences in GenBank along with sequences reported in previous studies. Finally, the 43 parrot eggs were successfully identified as seven species belonging to two families and seven genera. This non-destructive sampling method for obtaining DNA and molecular identification might help control the trade of parrot eggs and prevent their illegal trade.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.617-620
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• 2011

A 6-month-old orange winged Amazon parrot (Amazona amazonica) was presented for evaluation of weight loss, anorexia, and abdominal distension for two months. Clinical and laboratory examinations revealed evidence of hepatic failure, including transudative ascites, increased serum serum aspartate aminotransferase and bile acids, and decreased albumin-to-globulin ratio. Hepatic fibrosis with bile duct hyperplasia and chronic hepatitis was diagnosed by liver biopsy. The cause of this condition remained unclear, but exposure to hepatotoxins was suggested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.849-856
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• 2009

In this study, dietary supplementations of Korean Meju, fermented soybean meal (F-SBM) by Aspergillus oryzae, and A. oryzae itself were evaluated on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses and phosphorus availability in juvenile parrot fish, a marine aquaculture fish species. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 8% soybean meal (control diet), 4% Meju (50% soybean meal was replaced by Meju), 4% F-SBM (50% soybean meal was replaced by F-SBM), or 0.08% A. oryzae itself. One of the four experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were found in growth performances and feed utilization. Red blood cell counts in the fish fed the A. oryzae diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The antioxidant activity in Meju diet was significantly higher than that of the control and A. oryzae diets. Fish fed Meju and F-SBM diets showed numerically higher antioxidant activity of serum compared to that of fish fed the control diet, even though it was not significant. Liver superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the test diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein of fish fed all the diets were not significantly different. Phosphorus absorption was numerically increased in fish fed F-SBM and A. oryzae diets compared to that of fish fed the control diet. This study indicates that the fermentation process of soybean meal does not impair growth performance and feed utilization in parrot fish. The fermentation process could enhance the availability of phosphorus in soybean meal and non-specific immune responses of parrot fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.916-923
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• 2010

We report nutritional physiology and non-specific immune responses of vitamin E in parrot fish for the first time. This study aimed to investigate the essentiality and requirements in diets based on growth performances, non-specific immune responses and a challenge test against Vibrio angullarum. Six casein-gelatin based semi-purified diets were formulated to contain six graded levels of DL-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate (${\alpha}$-TA) at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 500 mg/kg diet (designated as E0, E25, E50, E75, E100 and E500, respectively) and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile parrot fish for 12 weeks. The analyzed dietary concentrations of vitamin E were 0, 38, 53, 87, 119 and 538 mg/kg diet for E0, E25, E50, E75, E100 and E500, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed the E25 were significantly higher compared to that of fish fed the other diets. Liver ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased with an increase in dietary ${\alpha}$-TA in a dose dependent manner. No apparent clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency and mortality were observed in fish fed the basal diet for 12 weeks. Among the immune responses assayed, phagocytic (NBT assay) and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly increased with increment of dietary ${\alpha}$-TA levels. During the challenge test with V. anguillarum, E75, E100, and E500 diets resulted in higher survivals than E0, E25 and E50 diets. The findings of this study suggest that parrot fish require exogenous vitamin E and the optimum dietary level could be approximately 38 mg ${\alpha}$-TA/kg diet for normal growth and physiology. Dietary ${\alpha}$-TA concentration over 500 mg/kg could be required to enhance the nonspecific immune responses and improve the resistance of juvenile parrot fish against V. anguillarum.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.563-567
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• 2002

Developing base data on luring fish schools into netting position by the use of underwater audible sound on japanese parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus found in the coastal waters of Jeju Island, S. Korea. Auditory threshold was determined by the heartbeat condition technique using pure tones coupled with a delayed electric shock. The audible range of japanese parrot fish extended from 80 Hz to 500 Hz with a peak sensitivity at 200 Hz. The mean auditory thresholds at the frequencies of 80 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz,300 Hz and 500 Hz were 104 dB, 95 dB, 91 dB, 99 dB and 113 dB, respectively. As the frequency became higher than 200 Hz, the auditory threshold increased almost linearly with increasing frequency. Critical ratios of fishes measured in the presence of masking noise in the spectrum level range of 69$\~$78 dB (0 dB re 1$\mu$Pa/$\sqrt{Hz}$) ranged from 21 dB to 40 dB at test frequencies. The noise spectrum level at the start of masking was about 70 dB within the test frequency range. The sound pressure level of 100$\~$200 Hz recognized by japanese parrot fish under the ambient noise is above 91 dB and the critical ratio for them is above 21 dB.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.413-415
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• 2004

A male Blue-fronted amazon parrot suddenly died after having a history of depression, anorexia and emaciation. At necropsy, numerous well-demarcated yellow to white firm nodules were scattered throughout the left caudal lung lobes and adjacent air sac. Histologically, the wall of air sac was significantly thickened due to necrosis and infiltration of large numbers of fungi and degenerated heterophils. Multifocal necrotizing granulomatous lesions with numerous fungal hypae as well as vasculitis and thrombosis were found in tl1e lung. The fungi had conidiophore, vesicle, phialides and conidia which were characteristic of Aspergillus sp. This is tl1e first report of mycotic air sacculitis and pneumonitis caused by Aspergillus in a parrot in Korea.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.155-158
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• 2024

A blood parrot (Amphilophus citrinellus × Vieja melanurus) cichlid showing a flared left operculum was sent to the Fish Disease Clinic. The fish showed intermittently irregular ventilation and reddish soft swellings located at the ventral part of the left branchial cavity for one month. Other abnormal symptoms were not observed, and the appetite was normal. Only a putative diagnosis was conducted based on the history taking and external symptoms because the owner did not want an invasive biopsy or other potentially stressful examination of the fish. Therefore, considering the information available and the treatability, goiter (thyroid hyperplasia) was suspected as the top differential diagnosis, and the empirical treatment of administering iodide (0.03~0.015ppm) in environmental water was conducted. The treatment was discontinued for six months because the swelling was noticeably reduced. Body color became pale, but other abnormal signs were not observed.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.133-138
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• 2008

We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of scoria on growth performances and apparent protein digestibility in juvenile parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus and olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In experiment, parrot fish at initial average weight of $7.6{\pm}0.01g(mean{\pm}SD)$ were divided into 9 groups(three groups per dietary treatment) and fed one of three isonitrogenous diets which contained 0%, 1% and 2% of scoria, respectively. Experiment was conducted with juvenile olive flounder to demonstrate the improved apparent digestibility of protein found in the experiment. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain different levels of scoria: Diet 1(control), 0% scoria; diet 2, 1% scoria; diet 3, 2% scoria; diet 4, 3% scoria; and diet 5, 4% scoria. After 9 weeks of feeding trial(Exp), no significant differences were observed on growth performances between Scoria 2% and the control group. However, the growth was significantly lower in scoria 1% compared to that of the control group. Hematological parameters were not affected by the supplementation of scoria. Interestingly, apparent protein digestibility was improved by dietary supplementation of scoria both in parrot fish and olive flounder. The findings suggest that dietary supplementation of 2-3% scoria is optimum levels in order to improve the protein digestibility in the diets for juvenile parrot fish and olive flounder.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2008

A 6 and 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine optimal feeding rate for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus during the low temperature season. To estimate the optimal feeding rate calculated by weight growth rate, one year (mean body weight: 62.7 g) and the two year old parrot fish (mean body weight: 344.7 g) were stocked under low water temperature conditions. The optimal feeding rates in low water temperature condition of $15^{\circ}C$ were calculated as 1.61% of body weight (90% of satiation level) for the one year of 62 g, and calculated as 0.28% of body weight (80% of satiation level) for the two years old fish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2011

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with Hizikia fusiformis or Ecklonia cava on the non-specific immune responses of parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were fed experimental diets to which H. fusiformis or E. cava powder were added to final concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 6%, respectively. After feeding for two weeks, phagocytic activity was significantly higher in fish fed diets containing H. fusiformis, but not E. cava, than in fish fed the basal diet. Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in the fish fed diets containing 6% H. fusiformis and E. cava. Myeloperoxidase activity was also significantly higher in fish fed diets containing 2 and 4% H. fusiformis, as compared to the basal diet, but not in those fish fed E. cava. These two studies indicate that dietary supplementation with H. fusiformis or E. cava could enhance the innate immune responses of parrot fish during their growth stage.