• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.275-289
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• 2023

Since the implementation of the Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) Act in 2008, approximately 10 million tons of genetically modified corn, soybean, potato, canola, and other crops have been imported into South Korea. The import approval procedures have been completed for approximately 191 cases that include seven crops. Of these, approximately 90 cases, excluding crossbreeds of approved LMOs, were reviewed via consultation risk evaluation in four areas: human health, crop culture, natural ecology, and marine fishery environment. LMO developers in South Korea, who are major stakeholders in the import of LMO crops produced overseas, have raised concerns regarding procedural inefficiency in consultation reviews and the need of excessive reviews that are unsuitable for food-feed processing purposes. These procedures reflect the perspective of consultation agencies that deviate from the nature of risk assessment and demand specific supplementary data that do not reflect familiarity and substantial equilibrium. Based on frequent instances of unintentional environmental release of LMO crops imported into Korea, the ministries responsible for consultation insist on a review that considers the climate and natural environment of Korea. In addition, the ministries mandate that their reviews reflect the expertise of competent ministries and are based on risk assessment principles and methods in accordance with international guidelines. In this regard, considering that traits introduced into LMO crops involving familiar agricultural crops have been considered safe for more than two decades, we have suggested reasonable alternatives to several risk assessment items for agricultural LMOs. These alternatives can mitigate conflicts of interest among key stakeholders within the scope of the current LMO regulations.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.82-88
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• 2023

Shoot-tip culture was used to produce clonal plants of radish stock seeds. Using 6-benzyladenine (BA), the largest number of RA2 line multi-shoots were formed with an average of 14.67 shoots on 1.33 µM BA in early seedlings and 11.33 shoots on 1.78 µM BA in juvenile seedlings. The largest number of RA4 line multi-shoots were formed with an average of 11.67 shoots on 2.22 µM BA in early seedlings and 13.67 shoots on 1.33 µM BA in juvenile seedlings. There was little difference in the significance level by BA concentration in both lines. Using Thidiazuron (TDZ), the number of RA2 line multi-shoots increased with increasing TDZ concentration, forming the largest number of multi-shoots in 0.45 µM TDZ (7.0 and 3.0 multi-shoots for early and juvenile seedlings, respectively), but few multi-shoots were formed from TDZ 2.25 and 4.5 µM. RA4 line produced almost no multi-shoots in early seedlings, and 3.7 multi-shoots were produced in 0.23 and 0.45 µM TDZ in juvenile seedlings, but not at higher concentrations. Analysis of the tissue culture seedlings grown by cultivating the generated multi-shoots with Radish Foundation seeds using SSR marker revealed a weak pattern of mutation in the generated tissue culture seedlings, but there was no mutant. In addition, in terms of root roots, both RA2 and RA4 lines generally had the best rooting, number of roots, and degree of root development in 4.9 µM indol-3- butyric acid (IBA).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.155-162
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• 2023

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), a root vegetable grown worldwide, is consumed in several ways. In the cross between parental lines to produce F1 seeds of radish, the problem of low purity may arise because of pollen contamination. Therefore, we aimed to establish conditions for callus induction and regeneration so that in vitro cultured plants could be used for the propagation of stock seeds. The most effective hormone combination containing various concentrations of 2,4-D, TDZ, and kinetin was selected for callus induction using radish hypocotyl, and the induced calli were transferred to two types of hormone media to investigate the optimal conditions for shoot regeneration of the callus. The combination of 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.05 mg/L kin was the most effective for callus induction of RA2 and RA10, 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/L kin + 0.025 mg/L TDZ of RA4, and 1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kin of RA30. Shoot regeneration of the RA4 callus occurred in both shoot regeneration media, but the frequency was much higher in the 5H+1B medium (1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D + 1 mg/L IPA + 0.02 mg/L GA3 + 2 mg/L zeatin + 1 mg/L BA). For the in vitro micropropagation of radish, the conditions selected in this study can assist in the propagation and maintenance of stock seeds to produce F1 seeds.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2024

Multi-family housing plays a crucial role as a living and experiencing space, and its environment has a direct impact on the well-being and stability of its residents. Therefore, Crime Prevention Design (CPTED) for multi-family housing is of utmost importance. However, crime-related data in China is not disclosed to the public because of its specificity, making it difficult for researchers to conduct further in-depth studies based on accurate crime data. As a result, the establishment and application of CPTED theory in terms of crime prevention is limited and delayed. This study aims to explore three aspects of CPTED in multi-family housing as perceived by home-buying consumers. It investigated consumer perception of the CPTED, the importance of each element and ways to increase awareness of CPTED in multifamily housing in order to effectively improve multifamily crime prevention design principles and further enhance public safety. This study examined the current state and future trends of CPTED in China by analyzing relevant research reports and literature, aiming to gain insights into the crime prevention awareness of Chinese homeowners. In addition, a survey was conducted on Chinese consumers to unravel the importance of CPTED and increase awareness of its various elements in multifamily-family. This study used a Likert scale and SPSS reliability analysis to determine the cognitive status of multi-family CPTED, the importance of each element, and proposed an improvement plan based on the analysis results. As this study was limited by the difficulty of implementation and the lack of validation of its practical effectiveness, it is recommended that future research needs to validate the effectiveness of crime prevention designs and produce more practical results. Furthermore, it is crucial to utilize this study to inform the implementation of security solutions that are tailored to the unique characteristics of each district. Additionally, it is important to offer guidance on how to enhance community safety by increasing residents' awareness of security through education and information dissemination. The author hopes that the representative multi-family CPTED awareness, the importance of each element, and plans for improvement shall be summarized from this study, and provide foundational data for the future development of CPTED based on the Chinese region.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.91-107
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• 2024

This study attempted to empirically verify the possibility of K-content for Chinese people who have recently slowed down due to restriction of movement and political and diplomatic conflicts, although it is a very meaningful market for Korea's content industry and tourism industry. As a result of the study, each item of K-content experience, national image, tourism attitude, and visit intention was derived as one factor, and only the national image factor was derived as two factors: 'functional image' and 'cultural image'. As a result of examining the influence relationship between them established based on previous studies focusing on the derived factors, all five research hypotheses were adopted. K-content experience was found to have a significant influence on both factors of the national image. It was found that it had a greater influence on cultural image factors than functional image factors, cultural image factors were found to have a greater influence on tourism attitudes, K-content experiences had a significant effect on tourism attitudes, and tourism attitudes had a significant effect on visit intentions. Based on the results of this study, it was once again confirmed that the national image even comtually bees an important factor for linking to practical tourism behavior, and in this respect, "culture" is an important key factor that can lead to practical tourism and visits. Previous national images indicate that if the functional aspect of the country was more emphasized, it is now necessary to focus more on the importance of culture than on the functional aspect. As the K-content experience has a significant effect on tourism attitude, it can have a positive effect on the formation of a positive tourism attitude that can lead to actual tourism behavior, so various efforts will be needed to form an active tourism attitude using K-content in the future. As the content and target scope of K-content are expanded and diversified, specific strategies for each sub-market using cultural contents in various fields should be established and implemented.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of biodegradable mulching films in soybean (Glycine max) cultivation by measuring their effects on crop growth and yield, film decomposition and soil chemical and physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, plant height, branch number, chlorophyll contents, yield components, and yield of soybean did not vary significantly in areas using PE films and biodegradable mulching films. The light transmission rate of the biodegradable mulching films ranged from 6.4 to 15.8% when measured 112 days after soybean transplanting, and was higher, on average, in 2023 than in 2022. In both years, degradation of the biodegradable mulching films began 20 days after soybean transplantation and increased over time. In addition, remains of biodegradable mulching films were present in fields at soybean harvest and remained until 50 days after harvest. Decomposition rates of the biodegradable mulching films at 112 days after soybean transplanting ranged from 9.8 to 26.7% in 2022 and 13 to 36% in 2023. Although soil pH and EC varied based on the year and timing of measurements, there was no significant difference between areas that used biodegradable mulching films and PE films. Soil organic matter, nitrate and exchangeable cation contents such as Ca, Mg, and K were not significantly different in areas that used both PE films and biodegradable films. However, significantly higher levels of available phosphoric acid content were measured in areas that used biodegradable mulch films E, S, and T. Regardless of which films were used, there were no significant differences in the soil's physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, there was no difference between areas that used biodegradable mulch films and PE films. However, soil temperature in mulched areas was 2℃ higher and soil moisture was 5-15% higher than in non-mulched areas. Barley growth was not affected by being planted in soil that had been used for soybean cultivation with biodegradable films. Therefore, the biodegradable mulch films used in this study can be used without negatively affecting the growth, yield, and soil environment of soybeans.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.131-141
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• 2024

The environmental impact assessment have been played important role for sustainable development of the country. Meantime, various studies have been conducted for scientific and effective environmental impact assessment. Howeverthe quantitative data such as regional distribution status and development characteristics according to the type of development project, environmental changes due to development projects, and spatial-temporal changes are insufficient, currently. In this study, we investigated the eco-friendliness of major development projects (industrial complex, urban development, tourist complexes, and waste disposal equipments) by integrating the EA-INDEX of each development projects which were reported by prior researches. As a result, we found that the eco-friendliness of development projects tended to gradually increase overtime due to the increase in eco-friendliness in the protection of living environment sector. The protection of living environment sector was a major factor in the the eco-friendliness of industrial complexes and urban development projects. In the case ofroad construction, landfill and tourist complex development projects, the natural environment conservation sector was a major factor in the eco-friendliness of the project. As a result of analyzing the eco-friendliness of development projects by local government, the eco-friendliness of development projects promoted and implemented in Ulsan, Jeonnam, and Gwangju was higher compared to other regions, and it was relatively low in Daejeon, Gyeongnam, and Daegu. This study is considered to be significant in that it conducted a quantitative analysis of the eco-friendliness of development projects carried out over a relatively long period of time throughout South Korea by dividing them by year and local government.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1309-1321
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• 2023

This study was conducted by dividing L-arginine intake group (n=14) and placebo group (n=14) to investigate the effect of L-arginine intake on athletic performance, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and ammonia of men's college Taekwondo Kyorugi players during 8-week of intensive winter training. The L-arginine intake group consumed a total of 3 g, including 1 g for breakfast, 1 g for lunch, and 1 g for dinner, and the placebo group consumed maltodextrin in the same way. The 8-week winter training program was conducted at 70-90%HRR (heart rate reserve). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for the interaction between the L-arginine intake group and the placebo group of the measured data, paired t-test was used for the difference between the periods within the group, and the difference between groups was analyzed using independent t-test. As a result, there was an interaction between groups in the average number of kicks among the performance ability through the TAAA (Taekwondo-specific aerobic anaerobic agility) test , and the main effect between groups was shown (p<.05). In addition, there was an interaction between groups and time in the kick fatigue index (p<.05). In lactate, the time-interaction were shown (p<.05) and interaction effects and inter-time main effects were observed in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)(p<.05). In the case of ammonia, the interaction effect between the group and time was shown (p<.05). These results show that L-arginine intake can play a positive role in quickly synthesizing nitric oxide in blood vessels and expanding blood vessels to quickly remove fatigue-causing substances in the body for athletes who are easily exposed to fatigue after high-intensity training for male college Taekwondo Kyorugi players. Therefore, it is recommended to take L-arginine as a way to improve the performance of high-intensity elite Taekwondo Kyorugi players and recover from fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2024

In this study, the characteristics of the early life history were investigated for the Hypomesus nipponensis in the west coast Daeho Bay. Egg's were adhesive eggs that had the property of sinking in water in a circular shape. The size of mature eggs was 0.52~0.66 (average of 0.59±0.03, n=30) mm. The hatching time took 140 hours at a water temperature of 22~23℃. Immediately after hatching, the yolk sac larvae was 4.78~5.60 (average of 5.25±0.26, n=30) mm in total length, and the mouth and anus were not completely opened. On the 7 days after hatching, the preflexion larvae was 5.91~6.64 (6.32±0.21) mm in total length, and the mouth and anus were opened, and feeding activities were started. On the 25 days after hatching, the flexion larvae was 9.70~12.3 (10.2±0.63) mm in total length, and the end of the spine at the tail end began to bend upward. On the 42 days after hatching, the postflexion larvae was 14.1~18.8 (16.9±1.44) mm in total length, and the end of the spine at the tail was completely bent at 45°. On the 56 days after hatching, it reached the integer with 10 dorsal fins, 16 anal fins, 7 ventral fins, and 19 caudal fins. According to the study, there were spot-shaped melanophore vesicles under the pectoral fins during the incubation period, the different positions of the egg yolk compared to the battlefield, the deposition of melanophore vesicles on the back and under the body of the caudal part during the postflexion larvae period, and the absence of melanophore vesicles on the torso between the head and the starting point of the dorsal fin. It was distinguished from related species in that melanophore vesicles were deposited in one row from the back of the body to the caudal part during the juvenile period.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.421-435
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• 2024

In April 2023, a wildfire broke out in Gangneung located in the east coast region due to the influence of the Yanggang-local wind. In this study, GIS-based RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) and SEMMA (Soil Erosion Model for Mountain Areas) were used to evaluate the erosion rate due to vegetation recovery in a small watershed of the Gangneung WUI(Wildland-Urban Interface) fire. The small watershed of WUI fire has a low altitude range of 10-30 m and the average slope of 10.0±7.4° which corresponds to a gentle slope. The soil texture was loamy sand with a high organic content and the deep soil depth. As herbaceous layer regenerated profusely in the gully after the wildfire, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) reached a maximum of 0.55. Simulation results of erosion rates showed that RUSLE ranged from 0.07-94.9 t/ha/storm and SEMMA ranged from 0.24-83.6 t/ha/storm. RUSLE overestimated the average erosion rate by 1.19-1.48 times compared to SEMMA. The erosion rates were estimated to be high in the middle slope where burned pine trees were widely distributed and the slope was steep and to be relatively low in the hollow below the gully where herbaceous layer recovers rapidly. SEMMA showed a rapid increase in erosion sensitivity under at certain vegetation covers with NDVI below 0.25 (Ic = 0.35) on post-fire hillslopes. Gentle slopes with high organic content and rapid recovery of natural vegetation had relatively low erosion rate compared to steep slopes. As subsequent infrastructure and human damages due to sediment disaster by heavy rain is anticipated in WUI fire areas, the research results may be used as basic data for targeted management and decision making on the implementation of emergency treatment after the wildfire.