• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2017

BACKGROUND:Kiwifruit growers build their vineyards using many windbreaks to protect their kiwifruit vines from defoliation injury by strong winds such as typhoon. In this study, we have compared fruit quality, budbreak rate and floral bud as affected by windbreaks. And also we surveyed several microclimate indices of kiwifruit orchard depending on the covering materials of arch-type windbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five different windbreak materials including polyethylene film (PE), blue- and white-colored nets were tested in pipe-framed archtype kiwifruit vineyards as the covering materials. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), annual mean temperature (AMT) and chill unit (CU) as well as fruit quality were compared among the covering materials. In all treatments, annual PAR was more than $400{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, in which kiwifruit leaf could reach its maximum photosynthesis, since the leaves were emerged. Annual mean temperature was greater in 0.1 mm-PE covering as much as $1-2^{\circ}C$ than other windbreaks. In CU calculated by three different models, all windbreaks showed more than 1400 CU that is fully fulfilled CU for kiwifruit rest completion. There were no difference in budbreak rate among the covering materials. Fruit weight was heavier in 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) than other windbreaks. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the windbreak materials, the PAR quantity was enough for kiwifruit photosynthesis. And CU for kiwifruit rest completion was fully achieved in all treatments. However, with respect to fruit weight, quantity of PAR, and AMT, etc., It is highly recommended for kiwifruit growers to choose 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) as for their windbreaks materials.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 2008

The hybrid ($CSR2{\times}CSR4$) eggs treated with acid were taken up for the study with an objective to develop long-term preservation schedule. The hybrid eggs obtained with two mating duration (3 h and 6 h) and oviposition period (6 h and 24 h) with two age groups of eggs (24 h and 36 h) were treated with Hydrochloric acid. These eggs were subjected to preservation at $5^{\circ}C$ in single step refrigeration and at $5^{\circ}C$ and $2.5^{\circ}C$ under double step refrigeration from $10{\sim}120$ days. These eggs were released from the cold storage as per the specified durations and incubated at standard conditions and allowed 2 h for hatching at 450 lux light. Hatchability was found to be significantly higher or on par with the control in three treatments (T1, T2 and T4) where the eggs are preserved continuously at $5^{\circ}C$ up to 30 days. However under double step refrigeration, hatching was not significantly affected in 20+60 day's combination of T1 treatment up to 80 days. Bioassay studies of the promising treatment i.e.. T1 with (20+60) days indicated that early stage loss and cocoon yield was found to be on par with the control. Hence this treatment was recommended for preservation of acid treated new bivoltine hybrid layings. Details of the hatchability and rearing performance of long term preservation of acid treated eggs are discussed.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.51-76
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• 2008

Nous obserbons dans le champs de l'art aujourd' hui, le changement radical provoquant $\'{e}$tant donn$\'{e}$ que le pouvoir du march$\'{e}$ de l'art s'augmente de plus en plus. C'est pour cela que le champ du discours de l'art n'est actuellement plus form$\'{e}$ par des notions esth$\`{e}$tiques artistiques, mais par celles qui sont r$\'{e}$serv$\'{e}$es au domaine de l'$\'{e}$conomie et du march$\'{e}$. Il n'est plus significatif de croire la valeur esth$\`{e}$tique de l'oeuvre d'art, puisque l'esth$\`{e}$tique elle-m$\^{e}$me ne fonctionne plus. Par contre, le syst$\`{e}$me de donner le prix $\`{a}$ l'oeuvre d'art fonctionne rigoureusement. En plus, cette situation s'aggrave $\'{e}$tant donn$\'{e}$ que la mondialisation du march$\'{e}$ de l'art s'installe avec rapidit$\'{e}$. Malgr$\'{e}$ la mondialisation de l'art, des gens qui habitent par exemple $\`{a}$ S$\'{e}$oul ne peuvent pas s' approcher facilement de ce qui se passe $\`{a}$ New York, le vrai centre de l'art contemporain. Dans cette situation, le champ de discours de l'art n'a pas d'autre solution de se r$\'{e}$tr$\'{e}$cir remaquablement et le sujet de discussion sur le grand art est remplac$\'{e}$ par celui du success de l'art. Cette recherche est arriv$\'{e}$e $\`{a}$ remarquer que le syst$\`{e}$me du foire internationale de l'art fonctionne comme une locomotive dans le march$\'{e}$ de l'art qui est le vrai dominateur de l'art contemporain. Aujourd'hui les grands clients du monde de l'art et les jeunes sp$\'{e}$ctateurs, les clients de l'avenir s'assemblent autour de quelques foires internationales r$\'{e}$put$\'{e}$s qui ont de l'autorit$\'{e}$. C'est ainsi que l'achat et la vante de l'oeuvres d'art est suffisamment mondialis$\'{e}$ et que le syst$\`{e}$me local du march$\'{e}$ est d$\'{e}$rang$\'{e}$ et s'$\'{e}$ffondr$\'{e}$gravement. Malgr$\'{e}$ la diff$\'{e}$rence significative, la majorit$\'{e}$ des galeries d'art lacaux s'oblige de suivre $\`{a}$ la suite du style du foire internationale de l'art. C'est la raison pour laquelle que cette recherche se fait une id$\'{e}$e nette que la prosp$\'{e}$rit$\'{e}$ actuelle du march$\'{e}$ de l'art n'est que la situation $\'{e}$conomique ou financi$\`{e}$re. A ce stade de la r$\'{e}$flexion, cette recherche arrivera $\`{a}$ poser une question primordiale ci-dessous: "Si l'art qu'on $\`{a}$ l'intention de proclamer ne serai plus possible de faire r$\'{e}$fl$\'{e}$chir sur la libert$\'{e}$ et la solidarit$\'{e}$ humain, la dignit$\'{e}$ de l'homme, cet art n'est plus autre chose que l'insignifiance. Au lieu de parcourir divers ph$\'{e}$nom$\`{e}$ne du march$\'{e}$ de l'art aujourd'hui, cette recherche fixera son attention sur la r$\'{e}$alit$\'{e}$ du foire internationales de l'art. Dans ce context, cette recherche sera compos$\'{e}$e par trois chapitres donc le premi$\`{e}$re essayera de r$\'{e}$pondre $\'{a}$ la question de son influence extraodinairement puissante. Le deuxi$\`{e}$me chapitre essayera d'analiser la r$\'{e}$alit$\'{e}$ et la source du pouvoir du foire internationale de l'art. Nous essayeront au troisi$\`{e}$me chapitre de configurer le point de vue critique qui permettra de bien comprendre notre sujet.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1544-1548
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• 2010

Moxifloxacin (MF) - resistant mutants of Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) were generated by stepwise selection in increasing concentrations of MF, and six strains of MF resistant M. hominis mutants - M1, M4, M8, M16, M32, and M64 - in which MICs of MF were 0.5, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively, were generated. Compared to the sequence of M. hominis PG21, all mutants harbored amino acid substitutions of Arg-163 Thr in GyrA, and Pro-445 Gln in ParE. While the concentrations were getting higher, an additional amino acid substitution was found at Ser-153 Lys in GyrA (${\geq}4{\mu}g/ml$), Ser-91 Ile in ParC (${\geq}16{\mu}g/ml$), and Val-450 Phe (${\geq}64{\mu}g/ml$) in GyrB. These substitutions seem to have an impact on resistance to MF, and GyrB change was found only in the highest concentration and seems to be associated with high-level resistance to MF. This, as far as we know, is the first description of a relationship between MF resistance phenotype and genotype.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 1988

Variations in photosynthetic capacities of leaves differing in thickness were explained on the basis of relationships between gas exchange and internal leaf structure. The relative importance of gas diffusion and of biochemical processes as limiting for leaf photosynthesis was also determined. Mesophyll cell surface was considered to be the limiting internal site for gas diffusion. and cell volume to be indicative of the sink capacity for CO$_2$ fixation. Increases in cell surface area were assumed to reduce proportionately mesophyll resistance to the liquid phase diffusion of CO$_2$. Increased cell volume was thought to account for a proportional increase in reaction rates for carboxylation, oxygenation. and dark respiration. This assumption was tested using chamber-grown Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Amsoy plants. Plants were grown under 200, 400, and 600 ${\mu}$mol photons m$\^$-2/ s$\^$-1/ of PAR to induce development of various leaf thickness. Photosynthetic CO$_2$ uptake rates were measured on the 3rd and 4th trifoliolate leaves under 1000 ${\mu}$mol photons m$\^$-2/ s$\^$-1/ of PAR and at the air temperature of 28 C. A pseudo -mechanistic photosynthesis model was modified to accommodate the concept of cell surface area as well as both cell volume and surface area. Both versions were used to simulate leaf photosynthesis. Computations based on volume and surface area showed slightly better agreement with experimental data than did those based on the surface area only. This implies that any single factor, whether it is photosynthetic model utilized in this study was suitable for relating leaf thickness to leaf productivity.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.237-247
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• 2020

Here, we generated maps of primary production in the coastal waters of the East Sea using sea surface chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHL), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), euphotic depth induced by GOCI along with sea surface temperature (SST) from satellites of foreign countries as input parameters, and carried out a sensitivity analysis for each parameters. On 25th of July in 2013 when a wide cold waters appeared and on 13th of August in 2013 when a big harmful algal bloom existed in the study area, it shows high productivities with averages 1,012 and 1,945 mg C m^-2 d^-1, respectively. On August 25, 2013, when the cold waters and red tide retreated, it showed an average of 778 m^-2 d^-1, similar to the results of the previous analysis. As a result of the sensitivity analysis, PAR did not significantly affect the results of the primary production, but the euphotic depth and CHL showed aboveaverage sensitivity. In particular, SST had a large influence to the results, thus we could imply that an error in SST could lead to a large error in the primary production. This study showed that GOCI data was available for primary production study, and the accuracy of input parameters might be improved by applying GOCI, which can acquire images 8 times a day, making it more accurate than foreign polar orbit satellites and consequently, it is possible to estimate highly accurately primary production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1605-1612
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• 2016

Quinolone-resistant Salmonella strains were isolated from patient samples, and several quinolone-sensitive strains were used to analyze mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and to screen for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Among the 21 strains that showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.125-2.0 μg/ml), 17 strains had a mutation in QRDR codon 87 of gyrA, and 3 strains had a single mutation (Ser83 → Phe). Another cause of resistance, efflux pump regulation, was studied by examining the expression of acrB, ramA, marA, and soxS. Five strains, including Sal-KH1 and Sal-KH2, showed no increase in relative expression in an analysis using the qRT-PCR method (p < 0.05). In order to determine the genes involved in the resistance, the Sal-9 isolate that showed decreased susceptibility and did not contain a mutation in the gyrA QRDR was used to make the STM (MIC 8 μg/ml) and STH (MIC 16 μg/ml) ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants. The gyrA QRDR Asp87 → Gly mutation was identified in both the STM and STH mutants by mutation analysis. qRT-PCR analysis of the efflux transporter acrB of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system showed increased expression levels in both the STM (1.79-fold) and STH (2.0-fold) mutants. In addition, the expression of the transcriptional regulator marA was increased in both the STM (6.35-fold) and STH (21.73-fold) mutants. Moreover, the expression of soxS was increased in the STM (3.41-fold) and STH (10.05-fold) mutants (p < 0.05). Therefore, these results indicate that AcrAB-TolC efflux pump activity and the target site mutation in gyrA are involved in quinolone resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1998

The effects of MgO on the resistance to corrosion and oxidation of Al2O3-SiC-C refractory have been in-vestigated. The resistance to oxidation was improved as the amount of MgO increased. The resistance to corrosion was enhanced until 2 wt% MgO content but degraded over that content. From the dependence of temperatuer on the oxidation resistance oxidation was suppressed by the microstructural densification caused by spinel formation over 1200~130$0^{\circ}C$and the formation MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 liguid-phase over 130$0^{\circ}C$ The weight loss of specimens containing MgO with various purity at range of 95 to 99% and par-ticle size of -0.045 mm to -0.074 mm was examined. The oxidation resistance was not changed signficantly with the particle size and purity of MgO powders.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2002

Objective : Previous studies have suggested an association between sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) and several psychological problems, and there were increasing recognition of the link. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristic profiles of MMPI and SCL-90-R in patients with SRBD. Methods : This study consisted of 80 SRBD patients(73 men, 7 women) referred from Sleep Disorder Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea. Basic informations including demographic findings and physical examination were collected. Subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), and Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) prior to standard overnight polysomnography that was performed at hospital sleep laboratory. SRBD was divided into two groups of primary snoring(PS) and obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) according to polysomnographic findings. Results : SRBD showed significant elevation rate of Hs, D, and Hy scales of MMPI and SOM scale of SCL-90-R, which exceeded the rate expected in normal individuals(>5%, 2SD). On comparison of clinical scales of SCL-90-R, OSA group had significantly greater mean score than that of PS group in terms of O-C, DEP, PAR, GSI(p<0.05), SOM and PST(p<0.01). OSA group also showed significantly higher elevation rate in Hs scale of MMPI and SOM scale of SCL-90-R than that of PS. Among OSA group, three scales of MMPI(D, Pt, Si) and three scales of SCL-90-R(ANX, PAR, PSDI) had significant correlation with some PSG variables including total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Among PS group, two scales of MMPI(Hy and Pt), elevation rate of MMPI scales and three scales of SCL-90-R(I-S, PAR, PSDI) had significant correlation with some PSG variables including sleep efficiency, sleep latency and REM sleep percent. Conclusion : The above results suggest that SRBD show neurotic profiles in MMPI and SCL-90-R. This study also clearly indicates that PS group are suffered from clinically meaningful psychiatric symptoms, which are quantitatively lessened but qualitatively similar as compared to that of OSA group.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.303-330
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• 2014

Les avis des philosophes sur la mort sont $diff{\acute{e}}rentes$ selon leurs visions du monde. Certains essaient de surmonter la peur sur la mort, en $n{\acute{e}}gligeant$ la mort, et certains essaient de vivre le vraie vie par la $m{\acute{e}}ditation$ de la mort. Chez Kierkegaard la notion de la mort se $pr{\acute{e}}sente$ comme key-world $tr{\grave{e}}s$ important, et cela signifie qu'il parle par la mort une vie $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ et vraie. Pour Kierkegaard la mort signifie d'abord la mort de la vie mondaine ou la $n{\acute{e}}gation$ de soi, cela est en faveur de sa conception de la nature humaine $o{\grave{u}}$ l'homme est fondamentalement un ${\hat{e}}tre$ $probl{\grave{e}}matique$ et ${\grave{a}}$ la fois ceuli qui a un rapport avec $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternel$. Le $d{\acute{e}}sespoir$ de l'homme sur la vie $pr{\acute{e}}sente$ peut devenir 'la maladie qui entraîne la mort' c'est-${\grave{a}}$-dire la mort spirituelle, mais il peut donner aussi une chemin par laquelle l'homme se dirige en tant qu'individu vers l'Absolu. Chez lui ${\hat{e}}tre$ $s{\acute{e}}rieux$ signifie devenir existentiellement par la $n{\acute{e}}gation$ de soi. Et l'absence de la $sinc{\acute{e}}rit{\acute{e}}$ signifie l'absence de soi en tnat $qu^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ spirituel. Ainsi la $pens{\acute{e}}e$ $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ sur la mort $n^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tant$ autre chose que de penser la mort comme la partie de $l^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ $pr{\acute{e}}sent$, elle devient la source ${\acute{e}}nergique$ qui permet de vivre pleinement le $pr{\acute{e}}sent$ comme $r{\acute{e}}alit{\acute{e}}$ $li{\acute{e}}$ ${\acute{a}}$ $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternit{\acute{e}}$. Sa $pens{\acute{e}}e$ $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ sur la mort permet d'avoir une conviction religieuse par laquelle l'homme peut penser la mort corporelle comme aventure $li{\acute{e}}e$ ${\grave{a}}$ $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternit{\acute{e}}$ et par laquelle l'homme peut penser aussi la vie $apr{\grave{e}}s$ la mort comme vraie vie que les justes avaient $d{\acute{e}}sir{\acute{e}}s$. Cette $pens{\acute{e}}e$ de Kierkegaard sur la mort signifie le sens $m{\acute{e}}taphysique$ sur la mort au sens $o{\grave{u}}$ elle est une $r{\acute{e}}alit{\acute{e}}$ $v{\acute{e}}cue$, et aussi la $pens{\acute{e}}e$ qui ${\acute{e}}claircit$ la sagesse des philosophes antiques ${\grave{a}}$ la perspective $chr{\acute{e}}tienne$ qui dit philosopher, c'est apprendre ${\grave{a}}$ mourir.