• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support to tissue oxygenation has been shown to improve survival in patients with life threatening respiratory distress syndrome or cardiac failure. Extracorporeal life support such as ECMO, including extracorporeal $CO_2$ removal ($ECCO_2R$), is used as temporary support until successful recovery of organs. A recently published multicentre randomized controlled trial, known as the CESAR (conventional ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure) trial, was the first trial to demonstrate the utility of ECMO in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, there were many reports of patients with severe ARDS related to H1N1 infection treated with ECMO. These reports revealed a high survival rate and effectiveness of ECMO. In this review, we explain the indication of ECMO clinical application, the practical types of ECMO, and complications associated with ECMO. In addition, we explain recent new ECMO technology and management of patients during ECMO support.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.2146-2152
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• 2015

Apios americana Medik (hereinafter Apios) has been reported to treat diseases, including cancer, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The therapeutic effect of Apios is likely to be associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Apios in animal models of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1). Mice were exposed to LPS or H1N1 for 2-4 days to induce acute lung injury. The treatment groups were administered Apios extracts via oral injection for 8 weeks before LPS treatment or H1N1 infection. To investigate the effects of Apios, we assessed the mice for in vivo effects of Apios on immune cell infiltration and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological changes in the lung. After induction of acute lung injury, the numbers of neutrophils and total cells were lower in the Apios-treated groups than in the non-Apios-treated LPS and H1N1 groups. The Apios groups tended to have lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in BAL fluid. In addition, the histopathological changes in the lungs were markedly reduced in the Apios-treated groups. These data suggest that Apios treatment reduces LPS- and H1N1-induced lung inflammation. These protective effects of Apios suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in acute lung injury.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.964-974
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• 2022

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry and economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for studies on HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by comparing non-infected, HPAI-infected resistant, and susceptible Ri chicken lines. Methods: Resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible Ri chickens (Mx/G; BF2/B13) were selected by genotyping the Mx and BF2 genes. Then, the tracheal tissues of non-infected and HPAIV H5N1 infected chickens were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: A gene set overlapping test between the analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functionally categorized genes was performed, including biological processes of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 1,794 DEGs were observed between control and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens, 432 DEGs between control and infected susceptible Ri chickens, and 1,202 DEGs between infected susceptible and infected resistant Ri chickens. The expression levels of MAPK signaling pathway-related genes (including MyD88, NF-κB, AP-1, c-fos, Jun, JunD, MAX, c-Myc), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, OASL, and PRK) were higher in H5N1-infected than in non-infected resistant Ri chickens. MyD88, Jun, JunD, MAX, cytokines, chemokines, IFNs, and IFN-stimulated expressed genes were higher in resistant-infected than in susceptible-infected Ri chickens. Conclusion: Resistant Ri chickens showed higher antiviral activity compared to susceptible Ri chickens, and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens had immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and IFN-stimulated genes), which may have been induced through the MAPK signaling pathway in response to H5N1 infection.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2021

Objectives: Non-traditional materials are used for mask construction to address personal protective equipment shortages during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Reusable masks made from surgical sterilization wrap represent such an innovative approach with social media frequently referring to them as "N95 alternatives." This material was tested for particle filtration efficiency and breathability to clarify what role they might have in infection prevention and control. Methods: A heavyweight, double layer sterilization wrap was tested when new and after 2, 4, 6, and 10 autoclave sterilizing cycles and compared with an approved N95 respirator and a surgical mask via testing procedures using a sodium chloride aerosol for N95 efficiency testing similar to 42 CFR 84.181. Pressure testing to indicate breathability was also conducted. Results: The particle filtration efficiency for the sterilization wrap ranged between 58% to 66%, with similar performance when new and after sterilizing cycles. The N95 respirator and surgical mask performed at 95% and 68% respectively. Pressure drops for the sterilization wrap, N95 and surgical mask were 10.4 mmH2O, 5.9 mmH2O, and 5.1 mmH2O, respectively, well below the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limits of 35 mmH2O during initial inhalation and 25 mmH2O during initial exhalation. Conclusions: The sterilization wrap's particle filtration efficiency is much lower than a N95 respirator, but falls within the range of a surgical mask, with acceptable breathability. Performance testing of non-traditional mask materials is crucial to determine potential protection efficacy and for correcting misinterpretation propagated through popular media.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2010

Background: To date, there are few data on the risk factors for severe cases and deaths associated with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A. Here, we describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients hospitalized for pneumonia and identify those factors associated with the development of major complications (MC). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 41 cases of pneumonia admitted to a university-affiliated tertiary hospital between Aug 26 and Dec 10, 2009, and who had confirmed H1N1 influenza A based on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. There were 7,962 patients that fit these criteria. We compared the clinical features and demographic characteristics of patients who developed MC to with those who did not develop MC. Results: During the study period, 10 patients developed MC (required admission to the intensive care unit, n=10; required ventilator therapy, n=6; death, n=4). Patients with MC were significantly older than those without MC and more frequently had underlying medical conditions (90.0% vs 41.9%, p-value <0.01). In the patients with developed MC, the median $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio of 230.0 (145.0~347.3) at admission and pneumonia severity index (PSI) score of 141.5 (88.3~158.5) were higher than patients without MC. However, no differences were observed in laboratory findings or in viral shedding between the 2 groups. Conclusion: In hospitalized pneumonia patients of 2009 H1N1 influenza, old age, a history of malignancy, initial hypoxemia, $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio, and PSI score appear to be risk factor significantly related to developing MC. These findings might be the basis to influence strategies for admitting patients to an intensive or intermediate care unit and for pre-emptive antiviral therapy.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.520-530
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study influenza A (H1N1) infection control performance and stress in nurses were surveyed, to identify factors influencing stress for the nurses, and to provide basic materials for promoting infectious disease control by nurses. Method: The participants were 447 nurses who had worked at isolation clinics and/or isolation rooms in hub hospitals in the Honam region during the period of the outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Data were collected in February 2010 using self-report questionnaires. Results: The performance of participants from clinics was high for 'helping patients wearing masks', but low for 'maintaining distance over 1 meter among waiting patients'. The performance of participants from hospital rooms was high for 'putting a surgical mask on a patient going out of the room', but low for 'keeping patients' family out of the room'. The participants' stress was higher in those younger and less experienced nurses, those working at a hospital with 500-999 beds, those working at both isolation clinics and rooms, and those working at a clinic longer. Conclusion: In order to lower nurses' stress from working at isolation clinics/rooms for infectious diseases, we may need to deploy experienced nurses and limit their working days to five or less.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2023

글로벌 팬데믹 사태는 항공 수요에 부정적인 영향을 끼치는 요소 중 하나다. 글로벌 팬데믹으로 인해 한국은 2020년과 2021년의 항공 승객 수가 2019년 대비 각각 68.1%와 47% 감소했다. 본 연구는 지난 20여년 동안 발생한 4대 팬데믹 특성을 분석, 전염병의 영향을 연구하는 것을 목표로 한다. SARS, H1N1, MERS 및 COVID-19의 발생기간 동안 한국의 항공 여객 및 화물 수요에 대한 실증 데이터를 활용하여 영향력을 분석한다. 또한 머신러닝 회귀 모델을 구축하여 향후 발생할 다른 전염병 대한 항공 수요를 예측하고자 한다. 연구 결과, 전염병이 항공 운항편수와 승객에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 사실을 발견하였다. 반면화물 수송에는 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 분석 결과를 도출하였다. 본 분석에 활용되는 회귀 모델은 팬데믹 기간 동안 항공수요를 예측하는 데 평균 86.8%의 기능을 보였다. 또한 본 연구는 특정 국가의 팬데믹 상황보다 전 세계적인 팬데믹 상황이 항공 운송 수요에 더 많은 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.273-277
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• 2011

It's a threat for the public health that H1N1 (Influenza virus A) causes disease and transmits among humans. WHO (world health organization) declared that the infections caused by the new strain had reached pandemic proportions. The approved neuraminidase inhibitors (Zanamivir and Oseltamivir) and related investigative drug (BCX-1812) are potent, specific inhibitors of influenza A and B viruses. These drugs are highly effective to prevent influenza A and B infections. Early therapeutic use reduces illness duration and respiratory complications. Recently, we found one of the potent inhibitor of erystagallin A ($IC_{50}$ of 2.04 ${\mu}M$) for neuraminidase target, this inhibitor shows most similar structure to its natural substrate, sialic acid. Therefore, we chose 1l7f to get the receptor structure for docking study among many crystal structures. A docking study has been performed in Surflex-Dock module in SYBYL 8.1. In the present study, we attempt to compare the docking studies of pterocarpin and erystagallin A with neuraminidase receptor structure. In the previous report, the methoxy group of pterocarpin had H-bonding with Arg residues. The present docking results for erystagallin A showed the backbone of hydroxyl group shows significant H-bonding interactions with Arg152 and Arg292. The results showed that erystagallin A interacts more favorably with distinctive binding site rather than original active site. Therefore, we tried to reveal plausible binding mode and important amino acid for this inhibitor using docking and site id search calculations of Sybyl. The results obtained from this work may be utilized to design novel inhibitors for neuraminidase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2015

Current influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. However, egg-based vaccines have various problems. To address these problems, recombinant protein vaccines have been developed as new vaccine candidates. Unfortunately, recombinant proteins frequently encounter aggregation and low stability during their biogenesis. It has been previously demonstrated that recombinantly expressed proteins can be greatly stabilized with high solubility by fusing stabilizing peptide (SP) derived from the C-terminal acidic tail of human synuclein (ATS). To investigate whether SP fusion proteins can induce protective immunity in mice, we produced influenza HA and SP fusion protein using a baculovirus expression system. In in vitro tests, SP-fused recombinant HA1 (SP-rHA1) was shown to be more stable than recombinant HA1 (rHA1). Mice were immunized intramuscularly with baculovirus-expressed rHA1 protein or SP-rHA1 protein ($2{\mu}g/mouse$) formulated with aluminum hydroxide. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assay. We observed that SP-rHA1 immunization elicited HA-specific antibody responses that were comparable to rHA1 immunization. These results indicate that fusion of SP to rHA1 does not negatively affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. Therefore, it is possible to apply SP fusion technology to develop stable recombinant protein vaccines with high solubility.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2011

목 적: 2009년에 신종 인플루엔자 바이러스에 감염이 되어 본원에 입원한 폐렴 환자들 중 호흡곤란을 보여 중증 폐렴으로 진행한 환자에서 조기에 스테로이드 치료를 하였던 37명의 임상적 특성, 검사실 소견, 치료결과를 보고하고자 한다. 방 법: 2009년 10월 1일부터 12월 31일까지 창원 파티마병원에 기침과 발열 등으로 입원한 환자 중 입원시 및 입원 중 호흡곤란을 보여 조기 스테로이드 치료를 받은 환자 37명을 대상으로 하였다. 환자들은 모두 방사선 검사에서 폐렴이 확인되었고, 신종 인플루엔자 진단을 위하여 실시간 역전사효소 중합반응(RT-PCR) 검사와 신속항원검사를 받았으며, 모두 RT-PCR에서 양성을 보였다. 대상 환자들의 의무기록과 방사선 소견을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과:대상 환자 37명의 평균 연령은 $6.5{\pm}2.9$세(2-16세)이었고, 남아 29명, 여아 8명(남녀비=3.4:1)이었다. 입원 전 평균 발열일은 $1.4{\pm}0.6$일(4시간-3일)이었으며, 발열과 기침을 보인 후 호흡곤란이 발생하기까지 걸린 시간이 평균 $9.6{\pm}3.5$시간(1-24시간)이었다. 대상환자 37명중 13명(35.1%)은 항바이러스제(oseltamivir)를 투여 받는 중 호흡곤란이 심해져서 스테로이드 치료를 받았다. 스테로이드 치료로는 모든 환자에 대해 정맥용 메틸프레드니솔론을 체중(kg) 당 8-10 mg/일 용량으로 하루에 4회 나누어 정맥으로 투여하였고, 호흡곤란이 없어진 후 바로 스테로이드 투여를 중지하였다. 평균 투여일은 $1.9{\pm}0.5$일(1-3일)이었다. 모든 환자들이 합병증 없이 퇴원하였으며 퇴원 후 폐렴의 후유증으로 재입원한 환자는 없었다. 결 론 : 신종 인플루엔자 바이러스 폐렴 환자들의 일부는 발병 초기에 호흡곤란을 보이는 중증 폐렴으로 빠르게 진행하였고 조기 스테로이드 치료가 임상적 증상 및 방사선 소견의 빠른 호전을 가져왔다. 따라서 향후 스테로이드제 및 항바이러스제의 중증 폐렴 환자에 대한 효과 판정을 위한 전향적 대조 임상 연구가 필요하다.