• 생약학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1986

For the immunoassay of ginseng sapogenins, the ligands with which panaxadiol and panaxatriol could be determined together and separately were synthesized. For the total assay of panaxadiol and panaxatriol, panaxatriol-6-hemisuccinate was synthesized. For the separate assay, panaxadiol-3-hemisuccinate and panaxatriol-3-hemisuccinate were also synthesized.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 1979

A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of panaxadiol and , panaxadiol was developed. 1. After heating with 60% perchloric acid, panaxadiol and panaxadiol yielded red.purple color with absorption maximum at 540 nm and 538 nm, respectively. 2. The maximum colors of the Panaxadiol and panaxadiol were reached when the algycones were treated at 6$0^{\circ}C$, 5 minutes or 7$0^{\circ}C$ 3 minutes. 3. The absorbance varied linearly with the amount of aglycone in the reaction mixture. And the colorimetric method was sensitive to about 10$\mu\textrm{g}$ of aglycone in 5.5ml of the reaction mixture. 4. The color was stable for about a week at 4$^{\circ}C$. 5. $\beta$-Sitosterol, oleanolic acid and cholesterol were not yielded red color by treatment with 60% perchloric acid under the conditions described.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.133-145
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• 1980

In order to find out the inhibitors of acetic acid fermentation in Korean ginseng (Panax Sin son C. A. Meyer), total aglycone, panaxadiol, panaxadiol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$ -sitosterol were added to the basal medium, respectively, and a surface culture was carried out at 30$^{\circ}C$. The results were as follows: 1 . Saponins lost their activity to inhibit the acetic acid fermentation by hydrolysis. 2 Panaxadiol inhibited slightly, and the degree of inhibition was about 1/300 of that of free saponins. 3. Panaxadiol and oleanolic acid inhibited silighly similar to total aglycone. 4. Acetic acid fermentation was stimulated at the early stage when ${\beta}$-sitosterol was added to the media below the level of 0.000815%. But the fermentation was inhibited when media contained it more than that media 5. An over-oxidation of acetic acid was observed when the media contained total aglycone. panaxadiol, panaxatriol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, respectively, while the media which contained sucrose, ginseng extracts ginseng saponins was shown not to be over-oxidized.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 1998

A rapid separation of an edible panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) in ginseng saponins has been investigated by benzene ethylene resin adsorption method. Briefly, powdered red ginseng was extracted with water. The obtained ginseng extract were dissolved in suitable volume of distilled water, and adsorbed on the benzene ethylene resin with 200 folds water of the resin weight. Sugars and hydrophilic character compounds not absorbed were washed with water, and eliminated by 10-fold water of the resin weight. An edible panaxadiol and panaxatriol can be perfectly separated from ginseng saponins with the fractions below 40% aqueous ethanol and over 45% as an fluent.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

유해산소제거효소는 세포내에서 생성되는 유해산소를 산소와 과산화 수소로 바꿈으로서 유해산소의 농도를 낮은 수준으로 유지하여 세포를 유해산소의 독성으로부터 보호하는 기능을 담당하고 있다. 이전의 연구에서 파낙사다이올(PD)와 진세노사이드 $Rb_2$가 전사조절인자 AP2를 유도하여 유해산소 제거효소의 전사조절부위 내의 AP2결합부위를 통해 유해산소제거효소의 함량증대를 유도함을 보고한 바 있다. 이를 토대로 본 연구에서는 인삼의 각부위에서 추출된 조사포닌으로 panaxadiol(PD)와 panaxatriol(PT)의 성분함유비가 다른 시료를 이용하여 이들이 유해산소제거효소의 발현 유도성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 조사하기위해 유해산소제거효소의 전사조절부위를 클로람페니콜 아세틸트란스퍼라제의 구조유전자와 융합시킨 벡터를 인간의 간세포에 도입하여 활성도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, PD 성분의 함량비증가에 비례적으로 유해산소제거효소의전사가 증대 되었다. 또한 동일한 결과로서, PD 대 PT의 함량비가 약 2.6으로 PD의 함량이 가장높은 세세미 (finely-hairy root) 추출분획에서 유해산소제거 효소의 전사촉진이 대조군에 비해 3배이상 촉진됨을 관찰할수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 PD계의 분획이 유해산소제거효소의 유도성효과를 나타냄을 시사하고 있으며, 유해산소제거효소의 유도물질로서 PD분획과 세세미 추출물이 유용하게 이용될수있음을 제시하고 있다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase constitute the first coordinated unit of defense against reactive oxygen species. Here, we examined the effect of ginseng saponins on the induction of SOD and catalase gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory promoter region of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SODI) and catalase genes were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CATI structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Total saponin and panaxatriol did not activate the transcription of SODI and catalase genes but panaxadiol increased the transcription of these genes about 2-3 fold. Among the Panaxadiol ginsenosides, the Rb2 subtraction appeared to is a major induce of SODI and catalase genes. Using the deletion analyses and mobility shift assays, we showed that the 5051 gene was greatly activated by ginsenoside Rba through transcription factor AP2 binding sites and its induction. We also examined the effect of the content ratio of panaxadiol extracted from various compartment of ginseng on the transcription of 5031 gene. Saponin extract that contains 2.6-fold more PD than PT from the fine root Increased the SODI induction about 3-fold. These results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides could induce the antioxidant enzymes, which are important for maintaining cell viability by lowering level of oxygen radical generated from intracellular metabolism.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.167.1-167.1
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• 2003

Here we show that panaxadiol, a ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton, induces acute apoptotic cell death in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells as evidenced by analysis of DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, and changes in cell morphology. The kinetic study showed that panaxadiol-induced apoptosis is associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release. Sequential activations of caspases-depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release. Sequential activations of caspases-9, and -3, or -7, but not of caspase 8 coincide well in a time dependent manner with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release from mitochondria during apoptosis of SK-HEP-1 cells induced by treatment with panaxadiol. (omitted)

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p<0.05). And the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05), ginsenoside Rb2 (p<0.05), Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.01). These results suggest that ginsenoside Rc, Rd might have a major radioprotective effect.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.293-299
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• 1996

The $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR signals of (20R)-panaxadiol and (20R)-panaxatriol were completely assigned by the extensive application of modern 2D-NMR techniques, $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HMQC and HMBC.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 1994

In adrenaline-stimulated human platelets, panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer did not inhibit the $Ca^{2+}$-innux, but inhibited the formation of thromboxane $A_2$ and the platelet aggregations. It seems that PD and PT block a pathyway interconvefing arachidonic acids (20:4) to thromboxane $A_2$ (TX $A_2$), because the amount of $Ca^{2+}$ which phospholipase C or phospholipase $A_2$ requires to liberate 20 : 4 from membrane phospholipids was increased by PD and PT. These results mean that PH and PT have an antiplatelet effect by Inhibiting the formation of TX $A_2$.