• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) plays an important role in cAMP-mediated signaling within cells. We previously showed that the long-form of Aplysia PDE4 (ApPDE4) was localized in the plasma membrane and the presynaptic terminal in Aplysia sensory neurons, and the 16 N-terminal amino acid was sufficient for this targeting process. In this study, we characterized the cellular localization of various ApPDE4 mutants. We first identified the roles of each amino acid within the group of 16 N-terminal amino acids of long-form ApPDE4. As a result, we were able to identify various mutants that were localized to both the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex, Golgi only, or both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. To examine the role of palmitoylation on the cellular localization of ApPDE4 mutants, 2-bromo palmitate (2-BR) was used as a treatment. As a result, in the presence of 2-BR, the plasma membrane targeting of many mutants was impaired, indicating that palmitoylation was involved in the plasma membrane targeting of the mutants. We also found that PI4P play crucial roles in the Golgi targeting of (N16,C3S/VV/G)-mRFP, L(N16,C3S/LFS/R)-mRFP, and L(N16,EPL/R)-mRFP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate vitamin $D_3$ administration to nursery pigs by injection or in drinking water on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ($25-OHD_3$) concentrations. Methods: At weaning, 51 pigs (27 and 24 pigs in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were allotted to vitamin $D_3$ treatments. Treatments in experiment 1 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration beyond that in the diet, ii) intramuscular (IM) injection of 40,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ at weaning, and iii) water administration, 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 14 d post-weaning. Treatments in experiment 2 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration, and ii) water administration, 92 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$ and 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 28 d post-weaning. The lightest 2 pigs within each pen were IM injected with an additional 1,000 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$, 100,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, and 100,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$. Results: In both experiments, serum $25-OHD_3$ was changed after vitamin $D_3$ administration (p<0.05). In experiment 1, injection and water groups had greater values than CON group through d 35 and 21 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, serum values peaked at d 3 post-administration in the injection groups regardless of water treatments (p<0.05) whereas CON and water-only groups had peaks at d 14 and 28 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). Even though the injection groups had greater serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations than the non-injection groups through d 7 post-administration regardless of water treatments (p<0.05), the water-only group had greater values than the injection-only group from d 21 post-administration onward (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations in pigs increased either by vitamin $D_3$ injection or drinking water administration. Although a single vitamin $D_3$ injection enhanced serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations greater than water administration in the initial period post-administration, a continuous supply of vitamin $D_3$ via drinking water could maintain higher serum values than the single injection.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.727-733
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• 1996

2-(Allylthio)pyrazine is effective in selectively suppressing constitutive and inducible expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. The effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine against potentiat ed chemical injury was studied in rats. Vitamin-A pretreatment of rats substantially increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, as supported by an ~4-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Concomitant pretreatment of rats with 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the daily dose of 200mg/kg resulted in a 76% decrease in vitamin-A-potentiated hepatotoxicity, which supported the possibility that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine protects the liver against chemical-induced hepatic injury by the mechanism associated with Kupffer cell inactivation. Pyridine pretreatment caused substantial enhancement in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine treatment of rats reduced the pyridine-potentiated toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Animals treated with both pyridine and 2-(allylthio)pyrazine prior to intoxicating dose of CCl$_4$ resulted in 85% and 47% decreases in pyridine-increased triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the liver. The protective effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine on the DNA strand breakage induced by benzenetriol was assessed by measuring the conversion of supercoiled ${\Phi}x$-174 DNA to the open relaxed form. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine blocked the benzenetriol-induced conversion of supercoiled DNA to open circular form in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the doses from I to 10mM in the incubation mixture containing 5 ${\mu}$M benzenetriol completely protected benzenetriol-induced DNA strand breakage with the EC50 for the 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocking being noted as ~220 ${\mu}$M, whereas allyl disulfide exerted protecting effect at relatively high concentrations (i.e. ~850 ${\mu}$M), suggesting that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine effectively scavenges the reactive oxygen species. These results provide evidence that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocks vitamin A- or pyridine-potentiated CCl$_4$ hepatotoxicity and that the agent is active in protecting DNA by scavenging the reactive oxygen species.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.1 s.55
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• pp.35-44
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• 2006

Recently, encapsulation studies have been tarried out to protect active agents using shell materials such as polymers, lipids, inorganic materials and the other protective materials. We have prepared copolymers of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate (TMPMA), and the copolymers as shell materials were used for encapsulating active agents. Poly(MMA-co-TMPMA) spheres were very efficient for encapsulating active agents such as vitamin derivatives (such as retinol, retinyl palmitate, tocopheryl acetate and ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate) and oil soluble licorice extract etc. Mean diameters of poly(MMA-co-TMPMA) core-shell spheres containing active agents varied between about 0.1 to $10{\mu}m$ according to the experimental conditions. The loading amount of encapsulating active agents was 15 to 25% (w/w) and the loading yield was above 90%. The stability of active agents in poly(MMA-co-TMPMA) core-shell spheres prepared with an UV absorbing precursor increased by 25% compared with that of active agents in spheres prepared without an UV absorbing precursor.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.928-934
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to characterize the lactate metabolism and lipolysis in Emmental cheese made of Korean raw milk throughout the ripening periods; 14 d at $10^{\circ}C$, 42 d at $23^{\circ}C$, and 30 d at $4^{\circ}C$. Emmental cheese was made using a commercial starter culture with propionic acid bacteria (PAB) and without PAB as a control on the pilot plant scale. Changes in the contents of five organic acids (citric, lactic, formic, acetic, and propionic acid) and individual free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured using HPLC/PDA and GC/FID. As a result of propionic fermentation by PAB, the concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid increased up to 1.5 and 6.1 g/kg, respectively and the most dramatic increased occurred when incubated in the hot room ($23^{\circ}C$). Lactic, citric, and formic acid contents were 2.6, 2.5 and 0.8 g/kg at the end of ripening, respectively. As a result of lipolysis, the amount of total FFAs was 6,628.2 mg/kg. Compared to the control, levels of individual FFAs from butyric (C6:0) to linoleic (C18:2) acids increased significantly (p<0.05) during the ripening period. Especially, 65.1% of total FFAs was released in the $23^{\circ}C$ room and the most abundant FFAs were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). These results demonstrated that the lipolysis of Emmental cheese was strongly affected by bacterial lipase from PAB.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2015

The TAZ activator 2-butyl-5-methyl-6-(pyridine-3-yl)-3-[2'-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine] (TM-25659) inhibits adipocyte differentiation by interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. 1 TM-25659 was previously shown to decrease weight gain in a high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the effects of TM-25659 remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of TM-25659 on skeletal muscle functions in C2 myotubes and C57BL/6J mice. We studied the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of TM-25659 to palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistance in C2 myotubes. TM-25659 improved PA-induced insulin resistance and inflammation in C2 myotubes. In addition, TM-25659 increased FGF21 mRNA expression, protein levels, and FGF21 secretion in C2 myotubes via activation of GCN2 pathways (GCN2-$phosphoelF2{\alpha}$-ATF4 and FGF21). This beneficial effect of TM-25659 was diminished by FGF21 siRNA. C57BL/6J mice were fed a HF diet for 30 weeks. The HF-diet group was randomly divided into two groups for the next 14 days: the HF-diet and HF-diet + TM-25659 groups. The HF diet + TM-25659-treated mice showed improvements in their fasting blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, and inflammation, but neither body weight nor food intake was affected. The HF diet + TM-25659-treated mice also exhibited increased expression of both FGF21 mRNA and protein. These data indicate that TM-25659 may be beneficial for treating insulin resistance by inducing FGF21 in models of PA-induced insulin resistance and HF diet-induced insulin resistance.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.301-310
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• 2001

본 연구는 내화성능을 가진 수막보호유리벽을 실제 건축물에 적용하는데 있어서 필수적으로 고려해야 할 가상시나리오 중에서 수막이 유리면을 보호하기 이전에 유리면에 근접되어 있는 화염으로부터 방출되는 복사열이 유리면이 가열된 상태에서 수막이 형성될 경우 유리면의 온도가 급속히 냉각됨으로서 발생할 수 있는 급냉파열특성을 규명하기 위해 실험한 연구로서 가열면온도범위에 따라 유리면에$150^{\circ}C$이상 $250^{\circ}C$이하에서 수막이 형성될 경우 급냉파열은 일어나지 않았으나 일반유리는 $100^{\circ}C$이상 $150^{\circ}C$이하에서 급냉파열이 일어남을 확인하였다. 즉 방화구획벽에 적용가능한 수막형성유리벽의 유리가 강화유리인점을 착안하면 수막의 도포이전에 강화유리면의 온도가 $250^{\circ}C$까지 올라가기 전에는 수막을 유리면에 접촉하여도 유리면의 급냉파열이 일어나짐 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이점은 일정한 구획내에서 유리면의 직근에 설치된 감지기에 의해 수막형성시스템의 가동을 할 경우 급내파열형상이 발생하지 않는 온도범위를 설정할 때 중요한 데이터로 활용가능하다. 결과적으로 국부복사열에 의하여 온도범위를 설정할 때 중요한 데이터로 활용가능하다. 결과적으로 국부복사열에 의하여 유리면의 온도가 급냉파열현상을 일으키는 한계온도에 이르기 전에 유리벽체 상부의감지기의 작동이 필수적으로 일어날 수 있음을 증명한다면 수막을 이용한 유리벽체를 일정시간이상의 내화성능이 요구되는 방화구획의 수직부재로 활용하는데 있어서 걸림돌이 되는 급냉파열에 대한 우려를 종식시키는데 이바지할 수 있다.l류 11.56%, acid류 38.87%, hydrocarbon류 2.89%, ester류 0.80%, 총 70.32%가 확인되었다. Alcohol류에서 linalool가 3.78%, acid류에서는 caproic acid류가 14.40%, carbonyl류에서 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone이 2.99%, hydrocabon류에서는 aromadendrene가1.59% 그리고 ester류에서는 methyl palmitate가 0.43%으로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다.0ppm에서 약 25.6%흡수되었고 ferric citrate 100ppm은 24.7%, ferrous sulfate는 19.7%흡수되었다. ILC를 첨가하지 않은 100ppm 철분염 용액은 ferrous sulfate를 제외하고는 흡수도가 감소되었다. 철분 결핍된 쥐에게 gavage 방법에 의하여 철분강화우유를 투여하였을 때 철분 25ppm 시료에서는 ferrous sulfate가 12.5%로 가장 높았고 ferrous lactate는 8.1%, ferric citrate는 6.5% 흡수되었다. 철분 100ppm수준에서는 흡수율이 낮아져 ferrous sulfate는 25ppm 시료보다 절반이하 수준이었다. Ferric citrate는 차이가 거의 없었으며 ferrous lactate는 70%수준이었다. 이상의 결과에서 철분강화우유에 사용하기 적합한 철분염은 ferrous lactate, ferric citrate였는데 특히 ferrous lactate는 제품의 이화학적 품질, 생이용성 측면 모두에서 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다.다 높았으며, 1회당 평균 8.1$\pm$5.1개의 난포란을 회수하였다.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2011

Analytical methods for food antioxidants including ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate (AP), and ascorbyl stearate (AS), were validated using high performance liquid chromatography. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and recovery were tested using lard and cider as food model systems. Linearity of ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid were both higher than ($R^2$> 0.99), LOD of these compounds were 0.46 and 0.48 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively and LOQ were 1.39 and 1.45 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The recovery rates of these compounds were 86.35-94.78% and 84.76-95.02%, respectively. However, the concentration of AP and AS decreased in methanol stock solution. Four other solvents including ethanol, acetonitrile, mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, and mixture of ethanol and acetonitrile were tested to increase the stability of AP and AS under room temperature and refrigerated temperature. Ethanol provided better stability of AP and AS under both room and refrigerated temperature. This study can help to accurately analyze the content of ascorbic acid and its derivatives in processed foods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2003

The current study was conducted to determine the relationships of vitamin A on meat quality of Hanwoo as a basic study to manipulate vitamin A contents in feeds to produce high quality beef. Concentrations of vitamin A in serum and liver of Hanwoo steers(n=328) were analyzed and correlation coefficients with carcass properties were evaluated. Mean vitamin A concentration in the serum of Hanwoo steers in the early fattening period was 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/dl, and that in the late fattening period was 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/dl. Mean vitamin A concentration in the liver of Hanwoo steers in the late fattening period was 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g expressing large variations might be depended on animals, feeds and farms. There were negative correlations between serum vitamin A concentration and marbling degree(r=-0.24, P<0.01), fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.21, P<0.01), and beef quality grade(r=-0.20, P<0.01). Vitamin A-palmitate in liver also expressed negative correlations with fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and beef quality grade(r=-0.16, P<0.05). From the results obtained in the current study, we concluded that it might be possible to produce high quality beef in Hanwoo by manipulating vitamin A contents in the feeds. Further detailed studies, however, are necessary to determine vitamin A contents in feeds, feeding levels, and feeding periods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

This study aimed to analyze the general ingredients and volatile compounds of ipguk (koji) and nuruk soju distilled under reduced pressure (RP) or atmospheric pressure (AP) conditions. After the secondary brewing process, soju made using ipguk had a final fermentation alcohol content of $18.0{\pm}0.6%$, whereas soju made using nuruk reached $14.3{\pm}1.7%$. The level of succinic acid was the highest in ipguk soju ($7,685.33{\pm}34.97$ ppm), but nuruk soju also showed a high level of succinic acid ($5,945.79{\pm}76.30$ ppm) after its final fermentation. In an analysis of fusel alcohol content, the level of n-propanol in ipguk soju (389.10-397.27 ppm) was similar under different RP (50 cm Hg and 60 cm Hg) and AP conditions ($80^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$). Under RP and AP conditions, the isoamyl alcohol/isobutanol (A/B) ratio was similar, ranging from 1.32-1.35. In ipguk soju distilled under RP conditions of 50 cm Hg and 60 cm Hg, the amount of the toxic component, acetaldehyde, was 8.59 and 9.27 ppm, respectively. Under AP conditions, the amount of acetaldehyde in ipguk soju distilled at 80 and $90^{\circ}C$ was 9.80 and 10.63 ppm, respectively, indicating that the amount of acetaldehyde did not differ depending on the distilling method used. These results suggest that the liquor distilled from the mash produced using ipguk under RP conditions may be of a higher quality.