• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

The Digital TV(DTV) standard has ushered in a new era in TV broadcasting and raised a great demand for DTV tuners. There are many challenges in designing a DTV tuner, of which the most difficult part is the frequency synthesizer. This paper presents the design of a frequency synthesizer for DTV Tuners in a $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process. It satisfies the DTV(ATSC) frequency band(54~806MHz). A scheme is proposed to cover the full band using only one VCO. The VCO has been designed to operate at 1.6~3.6GHz band such that the LO pulling effect is minimized, and reliable broadband characteristics have been achieved by reducing the variations of VCO gain and frequency step. The simulation results show that the designed VCO has gains of 59~94MHz(${\pm}$17.7MHz/V,${\pm}$23%) and frequency steps of 26~42.5MHz(${\pm}$8.25MHz/V,${\pm}$24%), and a very wide tuning range of 76.9%. The designed frequency synthesizer has a phase noise of -106dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset, and the lock time is less than $10{\mu}$sec. It consumes 20~23mA from a 1.8V supply, and the chip size including PADs is 2.0mm${\times}$1.8mm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1052-1059
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• 2016

Red light (RL) marked higher weight gain (WG) and preference of broilers compared to other light colors. This study aimed to investigate how different intensities of RL affect the performance, behavior and welfare of broilers. RL treatments were T1 = high intensity (320 lux), T2 = medium intensity (20 lux); T3 = dim intensity (5 lux), T4 = control/white light at (20 lux) provided on 20L:4D schedule and T5 = negative control; 12 hours dark: 12 hours day light. Cobb strain broilers were used in a Complete Randomize Design with 6 replicates. WG, water/feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, behavior and welfare were assessed. At 35 d, significantly (p<0.05) highest body weight ($2,147.06g{\pm}99$) was recorded by T3. Lowest body weight ($1,640.55g{\pm}56$) and FCR (1.34) were recorded by T5. Skin weight was the only carcass parameter showed a significant (p<0.05) influence giving the highest (56.2 g) and the lowest (12.6 g) values for T5 and T1 respectively. Reduced welfare status indicated by significantly (p<0.05) higher foot pad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters was found under T3, due to reduced expression of behavior. Highest walking ($2.08%{\pm}1%$) was performed under T1 in the evening during 29 to 35 days. Highest dust bathing ($3.01%{\pm}2%$) was performed in the morning during 22 to 28 days and highest bird interaction (BI) ($4.87%{\pm}4%$) was observed in the evening by T5 during 14 to 21 days. Light $intensity{\times}day$ $session{\times}age$ interaction was significantly (p<0.05) affected walking, dust bathing and BI. Light intensity significantly (p<0.05) affected certain behaviors such as lying, eating, drinking, standing, walking, preening while lying, wing/leg stretching, sleeping, dozing, BI, vocalization, idling. In conclusion, birds essentially required provision of light in the night for better performance. Exposed to 5 lux contributed to higher WG, potentially indicating compromised welfare status. Further researches are suggested to investigate RL intensity based lighting regimen that favors for both production and welfare of Broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

Objective: Broilers show clear preference towards red color light (RL). However setting of an optimum light intensity is difficult since dim intensities that favor growth reduce welfare. This experiment was conducted to test the most effective RL intensity regimen (Dim [5 lux; DI] vs high [320 lux; HI]) in combination applied at different growth stages that favors for both performance and welfare. Methods: Complete randomize design was adopted with 6 replicates. Treatments were; T1 = early DI (8-21 d)+latter HI (22-35 d); T2 = early DI (8-28 d)+latter HI (29-35 d), T3 = early HI (8-21 d)+latter DI (22-35 d), T4 = early HI (8-28 d)+latter DI (29-35 d) and T5 = control (white light; WT) (8-35 d) at medium intensity (20 lux). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), water/feed intake and ratio, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were assessed. Common behaviours (15) were recorded by scan sampling method. Lameness, foot pad dermatitis, breast blisters, hock burning damage were assessed as welfare parameters. Fear reactions were tested using Tonic Immobility Test. Ocular and carcass evaluations were done. Meat and tibiae were analyzed for fat and bone ash respectively. Results: On 35 d, the highest BW ($2,155.72{\pm}176g$), WG ($1,967.78{\pm}174g$) were recorded by T2 compared to WT ($BW_{WT}=1,878.22{\pm}155$, $WG_{WT}=1,691.83{\pm}160$). But, application of RL, either DI, or HI during early/latter stage had no significant effect on FCR. Under HI, birds showed much higher active behaviours. DI encourages eating. Though LI changed from DI to HI, same trend could be seen even under HI. The highest leg strength ($218.5{\pm}120s$) was recorded by T2. The lowest leg strength ($64.58{\pm}33s$) and the highest ocular weight ($2.48{\pm}1g$) were recorded by T1. Significantly (p<0.05) the highest skin weight ($162.17{\pm}6g$) but the lowest fat% in meat ($13.03%{\pm}5%$) was recorded by T2. Conclusion: Early exposure to DI-RL up to 28 days followed by exposure to HI-RL is the most favorable lighting regimen for optimizing production, better welfare of broilers and improving health benefits of meat.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.624-629
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• 2016

A brake lever in a basic railway brake system is an important safety device that delivers braking force from the brake cylinder to the brake pad. The safety guidelines for designing rolling stock only qualitatively describe that the brake lever should have sufficient strength. Each train has a different type of brake lever. One brake lever that was designed with a factor of safety of 1.27 has failed, so the material was changed to increase the strength. Therefore, the stress distribution and weak points of the lever were identified by theoretical analysis. and structural analysis. Different brake lever designs were examined for KTX high-speed trains, which have a split-type structure, as well as for electric locomotives, which use an electric multiple unit (EMU) with a unity-type structure. A fracture test was also done to look at the relationship between the vertical stress and the bending stress during braking. The results were used to find a safety factor to apply to each train and suggest quantitative minimum guidelines. We also looked at changing the unity-type EMU brake lever to the split type under the same conditions and analyzed how much the design change affected the factor of safety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

With dramatic development of IT technology and start of DMB service, installing the DMB equipment in a vehicle for watching TV programs and literal or pictorial traffic information are increasing. Watching the DMB during driving the vehicle could cause visual and cognitive distraction to drivers as much as eating food, operating radio and using mobile phone. However, there is not much empirical research for this topic and no research examined the effect of watching the DMB on driving behaviors in Korea. So, the present study examined the effect of watching the DMB on the driving behaviors with car simulator experiment. Within subject design was used in the study. That is, all subjects drove the vehicle both in the watching DMB condition and the non-watching DMB condition. The results indicated that subjects in the watching DMB condition took longer time to arrive at the destination and operated accelerator and brake pedal rapidly than subjects in the non-watching DMB condition. That is, their overall driving stability was lower than non-watching subjects'. Additionally, we examined the difference among the DMB control conditions (i.e., keypad condition, touch-pad condition and remote controller condition) in the driving behaviors. Finally, we discussed the limitations and the implications of the present study.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 2007

The paved areas such as parking lots and roads are stormwater intensive landuses since they are impervious and have high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activity. Vehicle emissions include different pollutants such as heavy metals, oil and grease, particulates from sources such as fuels, brake pad wear and tire wear. Especially, the released heavy metals can be easily absorbed on the surface area of small particulate materials because of its ionic strength. Therefore, by constructing the sedimental tank in structural BMPs as a pre-treatment facility, the particles and heavy metals both can be removed from the runoff at an instant. To understand the physico-chemical characteristics of sediments from sedimentation tank, one-year study at an infiltration trench and filtration system was conducted to quantify the metal mass absorbed on sediments with various particle sizes. The structural BMPs for this study are located in Yongin City, Kyunggido. The research results show that Cu, Zn and Pb are dominant metal compounds in the sediments. Also the metal concentrations are highest at the ranges of $425-850{\mu}m$ particle sizes. The results will provide the basic physico-chemical information of sediments to treat it as solid wastes and to determine the design criteria of sedimentation tank in structural BMPs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.527-537
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• 2007

To evaluate criteria, indications, and prognosis of the various reconstructive methods on the patients with intraoral soft tissue defect who had been treated at Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital from 2003 to 2005, we have reviewed the clinical data of the patients and analysed. The results were as follows: 1. Tongue flaps have been mainly applied on anterior portion of palate and maxilla. The survival rate was high percent, but the cooperation of patient was inevitable for the success. 2. Palatal mucosa rotational flaps were available on relative large defect on palate, oroantral fistula site. The side effect was a scaring band from secondary healing on denuded donor palate site. Sometimes the band came to be a hinderance to swallowing, phonation. 3. Forearm free flap was a workhorse flap for everywhere in intraoral defects. We had used the flap on cheek, floor of mouth, tongue without any significant complications. But the application of the flap was required for long operation time, which was disadvantageous to the old, weak patients. 4. Cervical platysmal flap could be easily applicable for buccal cheek, floor of mouth after excision of the cancer lesion. The design of the flap could be made simultaneously on neck dissection, but the danger of cancer remnants on the flap always might be remained. 5. Buccal fat pad pedicled flap must have been a primary flap for repair of oroantral fistula especially on posterior maxilla. The flap survival will be expected if the considerations for above reconstructive methods on site, size, condition of defects primarily could be made.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1235-1242
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• 2008

In this paper, x-ray image sensor of photon counting type having a $32{\times}32$ pixel array is designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS process. Each pixel of the designed image sensor has an area of loot $100{\times}100\;{\mu}m2$ and is composed of about 400 transistors. It has an open pad of an area of $50{\times}50{\mu}m2$ of CSA(charge Sensitive Amplifier) with x-ray detector through a bump bonding. To reduce layout size, self-biased folded cascode CMOS OP amp is used instead of folded cascode OP amp with voltage bias circuit at each single-pixel CSA, and 15-bit LFSR(Linear Feedback Shift Register) counter clock generator is proposed to remove short pulse which occurs from the clock before and after it enters the counting mode. And it is designed that sensor data can be read out of the sensor column by column using a column address decoder to reduce the maximum current of the CMOS x-ray image sensor in the readout mode.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.422-429
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• 2022

A light sensor chip requires a small capacity eFuse (electrical fuse) OTP (One-Time Programmable) memory IP (Intellectual Property) to trim analog circuits or set initial values of digital registers. In this paper, 128-bit eFuse OTP IP is designed using only 3.3V MV (Medium Voltage) devices without using 1.8V LV (Low-Voltage) logic devices. The eFuse OTP IP designed with 3.3V single MOS devices can reduce a total process cost of three masks which are the gate oxide mask of a 1.8V LV device and the LDD implant masks of NMOS and PMOS. And since the 1.8V voltage regulator circuit is not required, the size of the illuminance sensor chip can be reduced. In addition, in order to reduce the number of package pins of the illumination sensor chip, the VPGM voltage, which is a program voltage, is applied through the VPGM pad during wafer test, and the VDD voltage is applied through the PMOS power switching circuit after packaging, so that the number of package pins can be reduced.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2012

A Macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials is commonly referred to as a "Composite Material", having been designed mechanically and chemically superior in function and characteristic than its individual constituent materials. Composite materials are used not only for aerospace and military, but also heavily used in boat/ship building and general composite industries which we are seeing increasingly more. Regardless of the various applications for composite materials, the industry is still limited and requires better fabrication technology and methodology in order to expand and grow. An example of this is that the majority of fabrication facilities nearby still use an antiquated wet lay-up process where fabrication still requires manual hand labor in a 3D environment impeding productivity of composite product design advancement. As an expert in the advanced composites field, I have developed fabrication skills with the use of machinery based on my past composite experience. In autumn 2011, the Korea government confirmed to fund my project. It is the development of a composite sanding machine. I began development of this semi-robotic prototype beginning in 2009. It has possibilities of replacing or augmenting the exhaustive and difficult jobs performed by human hands, such as sanding, grinding, blasting, and polishing in most often, very awkward conditions, and is also will boost productivity, improve surface quality, cut abrasive costs, eliminate vibration injuries, and protect workers from exposure to dust and airborne contamination. Ease of control and operation of the equipment in or outside of the sanding room is a key benefit to end-users. It will prove to be much more economical than normal robotics and minimize errors that commonly occur in factories. The key components and their technologies are a 360 degree rotational shoulder and a wrist that is controlled under PLC controller and joystick manual mode. Development on both of the key modules is complete and are now operational. The Korean government fund boosted my development and I expect to complete full scale development no later than 3rd quarter 2012. Even with the advantages of composite materials, there is still the need to repair or to maintain composite products with a higher level of technology. I have learned many composite repair skills on composite airframe since many composite fabrication skills including repair, requires training for non aerospace applications. The wind energy market is now requiring much larger blades in order to generate more electrical energy for wind farms. One single blade is commonly 50 meters or longer now. When a wind blade becomes damaged from external forces, on-site repair is required on the columns even under strong wind and freezing temperature conditions. In order to correctly obtain polymerization, the repair must be performed on the damaged area within a very limited time. The use of pre-impregnated glass fabric and heating silicone pad and a hot bonder acting precise heating control are surely required.