• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2014

PURPOSES : The study objective was to evaluate rheology and physical properties of SBS-modified warm-mix asphalt (WMA) binders in comparison with hot-mix asphalt (HMA) binders. METHODS : Four different SBS polymers were used to prepare polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) binders, and three different warm-mix additives (WAD) were used to prepare a total of 12 WMA PMA binders. The kinematic viscosity was measured at 115, $135^{\circ}C$. The PG was determined using DSR and BBR. The pass/fail (P/F) temperatures for high and low PG grading were evaluated for HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. RESULTS : PG 76-22 binders could be prepared by modifying the base binder (PG 64-22) using 4.5 wt% of SBS. The kinematic viscosity (KV) of SBS PMA was increased by 3 times higher than that of base asphalt. The SBS PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than that of the normal SBS PMA at $115^{\circ}C$ The high P/F temperatures showed almost no difference between HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. The high P/F temperature showed very high correlations with KV ($R^2$ > 0.97). The result of SBS modification caused increase of low P/F temperature by $2.7^{\circ}C$ on average. CONCLUSIONS : Since the PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than normal (HMA) PMA at $115^{\circ}C$, reducing PMA mixture temperature down to a WMA level was possible in this study. The higher KV binders showed the higher P/F temperature. There was almost no change in high P/F temperature due to the use of WAD. The SBS PMA, showing an increased low P/F temperature, might show somewhat poorer performance at low-temperature, even though the lower PG grade was staying at the same level, i.e., $-22^{\circ}C$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.349-359
• /
• 1997

연구배경 : 급성호흡곤란증후군의 발병에 관여하는 내독소의 세포내 신호전달경로와 각경로의 역할은 아직 확실하지 않으나 몇몇 시험관실험에서 내독소가 염증세포내 protein kinase C (PKC) 경로를 활성화한다는 보고들이 있다. 따라서 저자들은 PKC를 미리 차단한 동물에 내독소를 투여하면 내독소에 의한 급성폐손상이 상당 부분 억제될 수 있을 것이라는 가능성을 예측하고 백서를 이용한 생체실험을 시행하였다. 방 법 : 체중이 165g에서 270g사이의 응성 Spa- rague-Dawley를 정상대조군 (normal control; NC-group), 매개물대조군 (vehicle control; VC-group), PMA유발폐손상군 (PMA군), 내독소유발폐손상군 (ETX군), staurosporine전처치-PMA군 (STP+PMA군), staurosporine 전처치-ETX군 (STP+ETX군)등 6군으로 분류하고, 정상대조군에서는 기관지내로의 어떠한 약물도 투여하지않고 기관지폐포세척 (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL)을 시행하였으며, 매개물대조군에서는 DMSO 200ml를, PMA 및 ETX군에서는 각군에서 PMA (50mg/Kg)와 내독소 (7mg/Kg) 200ml를 각각 기도내로 직접 주입하였다. STP+PMA군 및 STP+ETX군에서는 기관지내로 PMA 또는 내독소를 투여하기 30분전에 STP 0.2mg/Kg를 체중당 1ml의 양으로 정주하였다. BAL은 EDTA 3mM을 혼합한 PBS 용액을 1회에 23ml/Kg의 양으로 three-way valve를 통해 주입하고 모두 6회 실시하였다. 처음 2회 세척액은 원심분리후 상층액 3ml로 단백질농도를 측정하였고 하층의 세포성분은 나머지 세척액과 혼합하여 총세포수와 세포백분율을 계산하였다. VC군에서는 기도내로 0.1% DMSO를 주입한 후 3시간 및 6시간에 BAL을 실시하였다. PMA 및 STP+PMA군에서는 PMA의 기관지주입후 3시간째에 BAL을 실시하였고 ETX 및 STP+ETX군에서는 ETX의 기관지주입후 6시간째에 BAL을 시행하였다. 결 과 : BALF내 단백질농도는 PMA군과 ETX군에서 매개물대조군에 비해 아주 높은 단백질농도를 보였다 (p<0.001). STP로 전처치하였을 경우, BALF내 단백질농도 감소율은 STP+PMA군에서 $64.8{\pm}8.5%$, STP+ETX군에서는 $30.4{\pm}2.5%$로 양군간에 의미있는 차이를 보였다 (p = 0.028). BAL내 총세포수는 PMA군에서는 매개물대조군과 차이가 없었으나 (p = 0.26), ETX군에서는 매개물대조군 (p = 0.003)과 PMA군 (p = 0.0027에 비해 매우 증가하였다. BAL내 총세포수는 STP로 전처치하여도 PMA군과 ETX군 모두에서 변화가 없었다 (p = 0.46). 각 세포구성분의 백분율과 수에서 PMA 및 ETX로 자극하였을 때 정상대조군에 비해 PMA 군, ETX군에서 호중구의 세포수는 증가하나 대식세포의 세포수는 증가가 없어, 상대적으로 호중구의 백분율은 증가하고 대식세포의 구성백분율은 감소하였는데 특허 ETX군에서의 호중구 백분율은 PMA의 경우 보다 17배나 높았다 (p < 0.001). STP로 전처치 한 경우, STP+PMA군과 PMA군 사이에서는 세포의 구성백분율은 차이가 없었으나, STP+ETX군에서는 (p =0.016) PMA와 ETX에 대한 STP의 처리 효과는 일치하지 않았다. PMA군과 ETX군에서 BALF내 단백질농도가 전체세포, 호중구 혹은 대식세포의 수 또는 구성백분율과 상관관계가 있는지 살펴보았으나, 어느세포도 BALF내 단백질농도와는 상관관계가 없었다. 결 론 : PKC 신호전달로를 차단함으로서 내독소에 의한 급성 폐손상의 정도가 부분적이지만 유의하게 감소되므로 PKC 신호전달로가 내독소의 염증성대사에 일부 관여하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 1986

The luminescence spectra of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ in poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) solutions varied sensitively with pH. At pH < 5.5, the emission intensity increased with pH up to 4 times, while it decreased with pH beyond the pH. The enhanced emission intensity was accompanied by blue-shift of the emission maxima as much as 15 nm. The enhancement of emission intensity was attributed to the restricted rotational mobility of ligand of the cation bound to densely coiled PMA molecules at pH < 5.5. The sharp decrease in emission intensity with increasing pH near pH 5.6 was accounted for conformational transition of the polymer to more extended structure, which was also revealed in viscosity measurement. The enhancement of emission intensity became higher as NaCl concentration of the solution increased. The binding constant of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ with two carboxylate groups of PMA was calculated as $2{\times}10^5\;M^{-1}$ in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 5.2. The pH dependence of luminescence quenching rate of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ by $Cu^{++}$ also showed maximum near pH 5, and the rate was more than $10^3$ times higher than that in water, whereas the maximum enhancement of quenching rate (about 20 times) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solution occurred at pH 4.5. On the other hand, the pH dependence for neutral water soluble nitrobenzene (NB) exhibited opposite trend to that of $Cu^{++}$. The quenching constant vs pH curve for $MV^{++}$ was composite of those for $Cu^{++}$ and NB. The anomalous high quenching rate for $Cu^{++}$ in PMA solution at pH < 5.5 was attributed to the binding of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ and $Cu^{++}$ to the same region of PMA, when it conforms densely coiled structure in the pH range. The observation of mininium quenching rate for NB near pH 5.5 indicated that the $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ bound to the densely coiled PMA is not accessible by NB, which is in bulk water phase. The composite nature of the pH dependence of quenching rate for $MV^{++}$ in PMA solution was attributed to the smaller binding affinity of the cation to PMA, compared to that of $Cu^{++}$. The sharp, cooperative conformational transition with pH observed in PMA was not revealed in PAA. But, the pH dependence of quenching rates in this polymer reflected increased charge density and, thus, binding of cations to the polymer, and expansion of the polymer chain with pH.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.174-180
• /
• 2016

Dicumarol는 전동싸리 식물에서 추출한 coumarin 유도체로 vitamin K 의존적으로 항응고 작용를 한다. 그러나, dicumarol에 의한 MMP-9의 발현 및 활성화 조절에 대한 연구는 수행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 dicumarol이 인간 신장암 Caki세포에서 PMA 매개의 MMP-9의 발현과 활성화를 조절 할 수 있는지 확인하였다. Dicumarol는 PMA유도 MMP-9의 활성을 억제하였고, MMP-9의 mRNA RT-PCR 및 promoter assay를 통하여 전사단계에서 조절됨을 확인하였다. Dicumarol에 의한 MMP-9 발현 조절에 NF-κB와 AP1 전사인자의 전사 활성 저해에 의하여 야기됨을 확인하였다. NQO1 siRNA를 이용한 knock-down 실험에서 dicumarol이 PMA유도의 MMP-9 활성 억제에 NQO1의 관련성을 확인 할 수 없었다. Dicumarol는 PMA에 의한 세포이동 및 침윤을 억제하였는데, 이러한 현상은 MMP-9의 발현 및 활성을 조절함으로써 일어날 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.403-409
• /
• 2010

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp30 is a plasma membrane heat shock protein that is induced by various environmental stress conditions. However, the functional role of Hsp30 during diverse environmental stressors is not presently known. To gain insight into its function during thermal stress, we have constructed and characterized a ${\Delta}hsp30$ strain during heat stress. $BY4741{\Delta}hsp30$ cells were found to be more sensitive compared with BY4741 cells, when exposed to a lethal heat stress at $50^{\circ}C$. When budding yeast is exposed to either heat shock or weak organic acid, it inhibits Pma1p activity. In this study, we measured the levels of Pma1p in mutant and Wt cells both during optimal temperature and heat shock temperature. We observed that $BY4741{\Delta}hsp30$ cells showed constitutive reduction of Pma1p. To gain further insights into the role of Hsp30 during heat stress, we compared the total protein profile by 2D gel electrophoresis followed by identification of differentially expressed spots by LC-MS. We observed that contrary to that expected from thermal-stress-induced changes in gene expression, the ${\Delta}hsp30$ mutant maintained elevated levels of Pdc1p, Trx1p, and Nbp35p and reduced levels of Atp2p and Sod1p during heat shock. In conclusion, Hsp30 is necessary during lethal heat stress, for the maintenance of Pma1p and a set of thermal stress response functions.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2005

In this research, we investigated hydrolysis of the ester crosslinking on cotton fabric treated with polymer of maleic acid(PMA), citric acid(CA) and combination of polymer of maleic acid and citric acid using Fourier transform infrared spectroscophy. The rate of hydrolysis of the ester crosslinkage increased with pH regardless of the type of polycarboxylic acid used and even after hydrolysis for 256 hour in pH 13_4 solution, the treated fabric retained $10-20\%$ ester crosslinkage. The durability to alkaline hydrolysis of the ester crosslinkage formed by CA was lower than that of by PMA and combination of poly(maleic acid) and citric acid indicating that the ester formed by CA on the cotton fabric is more susceptible to hydrolysis than that formed by PMA and combination of PMA and CA. The total amount of ester and polycarboxylic acid molecules removed from fabric increased with increasing hydrolysis time but the rate of hydrolysis of ester linkage were higher than that of removal of polycarboxylic acid molecule from the fabric. The characteristic of hydrolysis of fabric treated with combination of PMA and CA was related with the mixing ratio of PMA and CA in treating fabric.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 1996

모든 진핵세포에 존재하며 세포의 성장 및 분화에 주로 관계되는 신호전달물질의 하나인 Mitogen-activated protein(MAP)kinase의 mitogen에 의한 핵내 활성화와 기질 인산화에 대해 알아보기 위해 본 실험을 수행하였다. P388세포를 10% fetal bovine serum이 첨가된 DMEM배지에 배양한 후, 혈청이 들어있지 않은 배지에서 24시간 더 배양하고 serum 및 PMA를 농도별로 처리하여 세포성 장을 위한 최적 농도를 확인한 결과 serum은 5-20% 농도에서 세포성장을 촉진시켰고 PMA는 실험한 모든 농도에서 세포성장을 거의 촉진시키지 못하는 경향을 확인하였다. 이어 P388 세포를 serum 및 PMA로 10 분간 활성화하여 파쇄한후 세포질분획과 핵분획으로 분리하여 각 분획을 10% gel 상에서 전기영동 하여 nitrocellulose paper에 옳긴 후 anti-ERKI antibody를 이용해 확인해본 결과 serum, PMA로 처리된 세포 모두에서 MAP kinase의 핵내 이동이 관찰되었으며 특히 세포질 내에 주로 존재하는 42, 44 Kd의 MAP kinase isoform중 42 Kd의 isoform이 주로 핵내로 이동되는 것이 관찰되었다. MAP kinase의 기질인산화 실험을 위해 serum으로 활성화시킨 세포를 파쇄하여 SP-sephadex C-50, Phenyl superose, Mono Q column의 순서로 chromatography를 시 행하여 MAP kinase를 부분분리 하였다. 이와 같이 얻은 MAP kinase를 가지고 면역 T세포에 존재하는 tyrosine kinase인 $p56^{lck}$ 의 N-terminal peptide로 구성된 GST-fusion protein에 대한 인산화를 확인하였다. 또한 세포에서 분리한 MAP kinase를 가지고 transcription factor의 하나인 c-Jun protein에 대한 인산화실험을 실시한 결과 MAP kinase에 의해 인산화 됨이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 P388세포는 (1)세포 성장시 외부 신호를 G-protein-coupled receptor/protein kinase C/MAP kinase의 경로보다는 주로 tyrosine kinase receptor protein/Ras/MAP kinase의 경로를 이용하여 핵으로 전달하는 것으로 추측되 며 (2) mitogen의 처리로 활성화된 MAP kinase중 주로 42 Kd isoform이 핵내로 이동하고, 분리한 MAP kinase가 GST-fusion protein과 transcription factor인 c-Jun을 모두 인산화 시키는 결과로 보아 MAP kinase의 isoform에 따라 표적 compartment가 다르고 결과적으로 표적 기질에 차이가 있을지 모른다고 간접적으로 추론할 수 있다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2007

While respiratory burst enhances neutrophil glucose utilization, many neutrophil functions are critically influenced by extracellular matrix interaction and phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K) signaling. We thus evaluated the role of RGD integrin occupancy and PI3K inhibition on respiratory burst and [18F]FDG uptake of stimulated neutrophils. Human neutrophils were stimulated by 100 ng/mL phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA), and respiratory burst was measured by cumulative luminescence with lucigenin. [18F]FDG uptake and total hexokinase activity was measured 20 min after PMA stimulation in the presence or absence of soluble RGD peptides (200 g/mL) and/or the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (200 nM). PMA induced a 71.70.9 fold increase in neutrophil oxygen intermediate generation. [18F]FDG uptake was increased to $194.6{\pm} 3.7%$ and hexokinase activity to $145.0{\pm}2.0%$ of basal levels (both p<0.0005). RGD peptides attenuated respiratory burst activation to $35.6{\pm}0.2%$ (p<0.005), but did not inhibit stimulated [18F]FDG uptake or hexokinase activity. In contrast, without affecting respiratory burst activation, wortmannin inhibited PMA stimulated [18F]FDG uptake to $66.9{\pm}1.6%$ and hexokinase activity to $81.0{\pm}4.2%$ (both P<0.0005), demonstrating its dependence on PI3K activity. Neither RGD nor wortmannin reversed the other's inhibitory effect on stimulated [18F]FDG uptake and hexokinase activity or respiratory burst, which suggests the involvement of distinct signaling pathways. Neutrophil [18F]FDG uptake is enhanced by PMA through a mechanism that requires PI3K activity but is independent of integrin receptor occupancy or respiratory burst activation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권12호
• /
• pp.3570-3576
• /
• 2013

Poly(methacrylic acid)-functionalized SBA-15 silicas (denoted as P-x-PMA/SBA-15 where x is molar ratio of TSPM/(TEOS+TSPM) in percentage in the initial mixture) were synthesized by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and varying contents of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate in acidic medium with the block copolymer Pluronic 123 as a structure directing agent and then polymerization by methacrylic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The functionalized materials were characterized by PXRD, TEM, SEM, IR, and $N_2$ adsorption-desorption at 77 K. The investigation of phenol adsorption in aqueous solution on the materials showed that the poly(methacrylic acid)-functionalized mesoporous silicas possess strong adsorption ability for phenol with interaction of various kinds of hydrogen bonds. The adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir isotherms and the maximum adsorption capacity of the three functionalized materials P-5-PMA/SBA-15, P-10-PMA/SBA-15, and P-15-PMA/SBA-15 to be 129.37 mg/g, 187.97 mg/g, and 78.43 mg/g, respectively, were obtained. The effect of the pH on phenol adsorption was studied.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 2007

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members are negative feedback regulators of the Jak/Stat pathway, which is an essential inflammatory signaling pathway. We investigated expression of eight members of the SOCS family in rat astrocytes, using two inflammatory stimulants, PMA and IFN-${\gamma}$. Only a few SOCS genes were induced by both stimulants, and we detected an increase in SOCS5 protein with PMA. PMA activated the Jnk, Erk, p38, and Jak/Stat signal pathways. In addition, it increased the level of activated-Stat3 resulting from tyrosine phosphorylation. A gel-shift assay showed that a protein in nuclear extracts from PMA-treated cells was able to bind to Stat binding elements. These results suggest that activated Stat3 binds to SOCS promoters and leads to their transcriptional induction.