• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.15-19
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• 2022

Purpose [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-11 is needed the high reproducibility, excellent radiochemical yield and purity. In term of radiation safety, the radiation exposure of operator for its production also should be considered. In this work, we performed a comparative study for the fully automated synthesis of [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-11 between non-cassette type and cassette type. Materials and Methods Two different type of modules (TRACERlab FX N pro for non-cassette type and BIKBox for cassette type) were used for the automated production of [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-11. According to the previously identified elution profile, Only 2.5 ml with high radioactivity was used for the reaction. After adjusting the pH of the reaction solution with HEPES buffer solution, the precursor was added and reacted with at 95 ℃ for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was separated and purified using a C18 light cartridge. The product was eluted with 50% EtOH/saline solution and diluted with saline. It was completed by sterilizing filter. In the non-cassette type, the aforementioned process must be prepared directly. However, in the cassette method, synthesis was possible simply by installing a kit that was already completed. Results Both total [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-11 production time were 25±3(non-cassette type) and 23±3 minutes(cassette type). The radiochemical yield of the non-cassette type(65.5±5.7%) was higher than that of the cassette type(61.6±4.8%) after sterilization filter. The non-cassette type took about 120 minutes of preparation time before synthesis due to washing of synthesizer and reagent preparation. However, since the cassette type does not require washing and reagent preparation, it took about 20 minutes to prepare before synthesis. Both type of synthesizer had a radiochemical high purity(>99%). Conclusion The non-cassette type production of [⁶⁸Ga]PSMA-11 showed higher radiochemical yield and lower cost than the cassette type. However, The cassette type has an advantage in terms of preparation time, convenience, and equipment maintenance.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2006

Background: Apoptosis is a physiologic phenomenon involved in development, elimination of damaged cells, and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Deregulation of apoptosis may cause diseases, such as cancers, immune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The mouse myeloma cell P3-X63-Ag8.653 (v653) is an HGPRT deficient $(HGPRT^-)$ mutant strain. High dependency on de novo transcription and translation of aminopterin induced apoptosis of this cell seems to be an ideal experimental system for searching apoptosis-induced genes. Methods & Results: For searching apoptosis-related genes we carried out GE-array (dot blot), Affymetrix GeneChip analysis, Northern analysis and differential display-PCR techniques. The chip data were analyzed with three different programs. 66 genes were selected through Affymetrix GeneChip analyses. All genes selected were classified into 8 groups according to their known functions. They were Genes of 1) Cell growth/maintenance/death/enzyme, 2) Cell cycle, 3) Chaperone, 4) Cancer/disease-related genes, 5) Mitochondria, 6) Membrane protein/signal transduction, 7) Nuclear protein/nucleic acid binding/transcription binding and 8) Translation factor. Among these groups number of genes were the largest in the genes of cell growth/maintenance/death/enzyme. Expression signals of most of all groups were peaked at 3 hour of apoptosis except genes of Nuclear protein/nucleic acid binding/transcription factor which showed maximum signal at 1 hour. Conclusion: This study showed induction of wide range of proapoptotic factors which accelerate cell death at various stage of cell death. In addition apoptosis studied in this research can be classified as a type 2 which involves cytochrome c and caspase 9 especially in early stages of death. But It also has progressed to type 1 in late stage of the death process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.409-421
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• 2014

This paper deals with the superlinear elliptic problem without Ambrosetti and Rabinowitz type growth condition of the form: $$\{-div\((1+\frac{|{\nabla}u|^{p(x)}}{\sqrt{1+|{\nabla}u|^{2p(x)}}}})|{\nabla}u|^{p(x)-2}{\nabla}u\)={\lambda}f(x,u)\;a.e.\;in\;{\Omega}\\u=0,\;on\;{\partial}{\Omega}$$ where ${\Omega}{\subset}R^N$ is a bounded domain with smooth boundary ${\partial}{\Omega}$, ${\lambda}$ > 0 is a parameter. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the existence results of nontrivial solutions for every parameter ${\lambda}$. Firstly, by using the mountain pass theorem a nontrivial solution is constructed for almost every parameter ${\lambda}$ > 0. Then we consider the continuation of the solutions. Our results are a generalization of that of Manuela Rodrigues.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2009

A new polarimetric SAR image classification technique based on the degree of polarization (DoP) and the co-polarized phase-difference (CPD) is presented in this paper. Since the DoP and the CPD of a scattered wave provide information on the randomness of the scattering and the type of scattering mechanisms, at first, the statistics of the DoP and CPD are examined with measured polarimetric SAR image data. Then, a DoP-CPD diagram with appropriate boundaries between six different classes is developed based on the SAR image. The classification technique is verified using the JPL AirSAR and ALOS PALSAR polarimetric data. The technique may have capability to classify an SAR image into six major classes; a bare surface, a village, a crown-layer short vegetation canopy, a trunk-layer short vegetation canopy, a crown-layer forest, and a trunk-dominated forest.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.23-27
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• 2009

Ohmic contact formation and etching processes for the fabrication of MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) grown GaSb-based p-channel HEMT devices on Si substrate have been studied. Firstly, mesa etching process was established for device isolation, based on both HF-based wet etching and ICP-based dry etching. Ohmic contact process for the source and drain formation was also studied based on Ge/Au/Ni/Au metal stack, which resulted in a contact resistance as low as $0.683\;{\Omega}mm$ with RTA at $320^{\circ}C$ for 60s. Finally, for gate formation of HEMT device, gate recess process was studied based on AZ300 developer and citric acid-based wet etching, in which the latter turned out to have high etching selectivity between GaSb and AlGaSb layers that were used as the cap and the barrier of the device, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.11c
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• pp.726-728
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• 1998

Optical and electrical properties of GaSe:$Er^{3+}$ single crystals grown by the Bridgeman technique was been investigated by using optical absorption and Hall-effect measurements. The Hall coefficients were measured by using a high impedance electrometer in the temperature range from 360K to 150K. The temperature dependence of hole concentration shows the characteristic of a partially compensated p-type semiconductor. carrier density($N_H$) of GaSe doped with Erbium was measured about $3.25{\times}10^{16}\;[cm^{-3}}$ at temperature 300K, which was high than undoped specimen. Photon energy gap ($E_{gd}$) was measured about 1.7geV.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to analyze the characteristics of calcaneocuboid joint involvement in intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: Total number of 92 patients (111 cases) who underwent operation for intraarticular calcaneal fractures between Jan. 2000 and Oct. 2005 were included in this study. The preoperative computed tomographs of the subjects were retrospectively reviewed to analyze calcaneocuboid joint involvement. Results: It was revealed that 63 cases (56.8%) involved calcaneocuboid joint; 29cases (46.0%) showed type 1 (undisplaced or minimally displaced type, articular gap ${\le}1\;mm$), 16 cases (25.4%) exhibited type 2 (moderately displaced type, articular gap ${\ge}2\;mm$), 7 cases (11.1%) were included in type 3 (comminuted type) and 11 cases (17.5%) belonged to type 4 (fracture and dislocation). 48 out of 63 cases belonged to Sanders classification II and III that involved calcaneocuboid joint and included 25 cases (52.1%) of type 1 and 14 cases (29.2%) of type 2. Among 15 out of 63 cases included in Sanders classification IV, 4 (26.7%) showed type 1 and 6 (40.0%) belonged to type 4. According to our results, Sanders classification allowed to predict pattern of the involvement of calcaneocuboid joint (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between degree of posterior facet joint injuries and calcaneocuboid joint involvement (P>0.05). Conclusion: Calcaneocuboid joint involvement in intraarticular calcaneal fractures was common and more than half showed severe injuries. We concluded that further studies on the involvement of calcaneocuboid joint should be performed prior to surgical treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2009

Using MBE growth method, GaAs/AlGaAs solar cell structure was grown. Deposited electrodes are Au/Ni/Ge for n-type and Au/Pt/Ti for p-type electrodes were deposited by E-beam evaporator. Indoor light concentrators were devised and fabricated in order to concentrate artificial solar rays. Also mirror and prism and Fresnel lens concentration system with solar simulator were devised and fabricated. Results of solar cell characteristics were measured with shutting system which can control the amount of light. Maximum power density was 2.13 W/$cm^2$ and maximum concentration was 124 sun, when mirror with Fresnel lens was used at $7854\;mm^2$ of shutter hole.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.472-477
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• 2001

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) is the first and key enzyme in eukaryotic polyamine biosynthesis. The cDNA encoding ornithine decarboxylase from Nicotiana glutinosa was cloned ($GeBank^{TM}$ AF 323910) and expressed in E. coli. Site directed mutagenesis were performed on several highly conserved cysteine residues. Among the mutants, C115A showed significant changes in the kinetic properties. The $K_m$ value of the C115A mutant was $1790\;{\mu}M$, which was 3-fold higher than that of the wild-type ODC. There was a dramatic decrease in the $k_{cat}$, values of the C115A mutant, compared to that of the wild-type ODC, which had a $k_{cat}$ value of $77.75\;s^{-1}$. C115A caused a shift in the optimal pH from 8.0 to 8.4. Considering these results, we suggest that cys-115 is involved in the catalytic activity of N. glutinosa ODC.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.295-305
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• 2023

Purpose: Various methods have been proposed to achieve the nearly complete decontamination of the surface of implants affected by peri-implantitis. We investigated the in vitro debridement efficiency of multiple decontamination methods (Gracey curettes [GC], glycine air-polishing [G-Air], erythritol air-polishing [E-Air] and titanium brushes [TiB]) using a novel spectrophotometric ink-model in 3 different bone defect settings (30°, 60°, and 90°). Methods: Forty-five dental implants were stained with indelible ink and mounted in resin models, which simulated standardised peri-implantitis defects with different bone defect angulations (30°, 60°, and 90°). After each run of instrumentation, the implants were removed from the resin model, and the ink was dissolved in ethanol (97%). A spectrophotometric analysis was performed to detect colour remnants in order to measure the cumulative uncleaned surface area of the implants. Scanning electron microscopy images were taken to assess micromorphological surface changes. Results: Generally, the 60° bone defects were the easiest to debride, and the 30° defects were the most difficult (ink absorption peak: 0.26±0.04 for 60° defects; 0.32±0.06 for 30° defects; 0.27±0.04 for 90° defects). The most effective debridement method was TiB, independently of the bone defect type (TiB vs. GC: P<0.0001; TiB vs. G-Air: P=0.0017; TiB vs. GE-Air: P=0.0007). GE-Air appeared to be the least efficient method for biofilm debridement. Conclusions: T-brushes seem to be a promising decontamination method compared to the other techniques, whereas G-Air was less aggressive on the implant surface. The use of a spectrophotometric model was shown to be a novel but promising assessment method for in vitro ink studies.