• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.767-774
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• 2011

Defatted green tea seed was extracted with 100% ethanol for 4 hr and then fractionated with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and butanol. The ethanol and butanol extracts showed greater increases in antiproliferation potential against liver cancer cells than petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, $H_2O$, and hot water extracts did. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the anti-proliferative actions of defatted green tea seed ethanol extract (DGTSE) in HepG2 cancer cells. The DGTSE contained catechins including EGC ($1039.1{\pm}15.2\;g/g$), tannic acid ($683.5{\pm}17.61\;{\mu}g/g$), EC ($62.4{\pm}5.00\;{\mu}g/g$), ECG ($24.4{\pm}7.81\;{\mu}g/g$), EGCG ($20.9{\pm}0.96\;{\mu}g/g$) and gallic acid ($2.4{\pm}0.68\;{\mu}g/g$), but caffeic acid was not detected when analyzed by HPLC. The anti-proliferation effect of DGTSE toward HepG2 cells was 83.13% when treated at $10\;{\mu}g$/mL, of DGTSE, offering an $IC_{50}$ of $6.58\;{\mu}g$/mL. DGTSE decreased CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 protein expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Quinone reductase and antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase activities were increased about 2.6 and 1.94-fold at a concentration of $20\;{\mu}g$/mL compared to a control group, respectively. Enhancement of phase II enzyme activity by DGTSE was shown to be mediated via interaction with ARE sequences in genes encoding the phase enzymes. DGTSE significantly (p<0.05) suppressed prostaglandin $E_2$ level, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) protein expressions, and NF${\kappa}$B translocation, but did not affected nitric oxide production. From the above results, it is concluded that DGTSE may ameliorate tumor and inflammatory reactions through the elevation of phase II enzyme activities and suppression of NF${\kappa}$B translocation and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein expressions, which support the cancer cell anti-proliferative effects of DGTSE in HepG2 cells.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of the dichloromethane fraction form Katsuwonus pelamis heart on anti-inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse models. Ethanol extract was partitioned with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Among the fractions, the dichloromethane fraction showed a significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, $IL-1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$] production compared to ethanol extract. The dichloromethane fraction attenuated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65 proteins in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was also inhibited by the dichloromethane fraction. Moreover, the administration of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg body weight-dose dependently inhibited the formation of edema by croton-oil and the application of dichloromethane (2 mg/ear) significantly reduced epidermal and dermal thickness and the infiltrated mast cell numbers. Therefore, the dichloromethane fraction exhibited an anti-inflammation effect by inhibiting $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling activation in macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of various hormones on callus induction, and on plantlet formation on various media, and to detect of Londax [Methyl 2-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amono] sulfonyl) methyl] benzoate] and Basta[Ammonium-(3-amino-3-carboxy-propyl)-methyl phosphinate] on callus growth and reaction of succinate dehydrogenase in callus against TTC, using various species such as Eleocharis kuroguwai, Cyperus serotinus, Oryza sativa (samgangbyeo) and Echinochloa crusgalli P. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa. The optimal levels of 2,4-D in MS medium seems to be different among species tested, 2.0 ppm for rice and E. crusgalli, 1.0 ppm for Eleocharis kuroguwai, and 4.0 ppm for C. serotinus derived callus from shoot-tip. In case of combination of 2,4-D with BA, 1.0 plus 0.3 ppm appeared the most appropriate level to induce callus from rice and E. kuroguwai, and I.0 plus 0.1 ppm for C. serotinus and E. crusgalli. When 2,4-D treated with TIBA, 1.0 plus 0.5 ppm appeared the most appropriate rates to induce callus derived from seeds of rice, E. crusgalli, seeds of C. serotinus and E. kuroguwai, 1.0 plus 0.3 ppm for shoot-tip of C. serotinus. Positive reaction of succinate dehydrogenase against TTC was observed regardless of calli and herbicides tested, indicating that they all are alive, and these herbicides were not able to kill the calli tested within the short period of time 20 hrs treatment. Regardless of plant species used, the rate of plantlet formation from callus was very low. However, some plantlet formed from E. crusgalli at 0.8 ppm of 2,4-D plus 8.0 ppm of kinetin, and from E. kuroguwai at 1.6 ppm of 2,4-D plus 16.0 ppm of kinetin, showing effectiveness of 2,4-D with kinetin mixture treatment. No callus was induced from C. serotinus treated with Basta from $10^{-6}M$ to $10^{-3}M$. In general, rice was the least susceptible to Basta among plant species tested, followed by E. crusgalli, and E. kuroguwai. In Londax treatment, rice showed the least inhibition rate in callus growth. Callus was induced from rice even at $10^{-3}M$ of Londax. However, $10^{-3}M$ of Londax completely inhibited callus induction from the test species. Rice showed most tolerant to both herbicides, indicating the existence of different responses among plant species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1136-1141
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• 2008

This study was to investigate antiwrinkle effect of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) methanol extract in hairless mouse skin induced by UVB-irradiation. Hairless mouse were topically treated with the basic lotion alone (control), ascorbic acid (AA-0.5%, AA-1.0%, AA-2.0%, and AA-5.0%) and mugwort extract (ME-0.5%, ME-1.0%, ME-2.0%, and ME-5.0%) dissolved in a basic lotion. After topical treatment of 30 minutes, the animals were irradiated with increasing doses of UVB radiation ($60{\sim}100\;mJ/cm^2$) for 4 weeks. In our experimental condition, skin thickness of hairless mouse was significantly decreased ($12.5{\sim}21.4%$) in all ME groups compared with control group. Ra value, that is surface roughness parameter induced by skin wrinkling, was significantly decreased ($23.7{\sim}31.1%$) in ME-1.0%, 2.0% and 5.0% group compared with control group. Furthermore, Rq, Rz and Rt value were significantly decreased to $11.2{\sim}21.2%$, $19.8%{\sim}24.5%$, and $14.2%{\sim}22.7%$, respectively. Wrinkle formation of ascorbic acid treatment group as reference group was inhibited, but its effect was less than ME treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity was significantly inhibited ($19.7{\sim}22.6%$) compared with control group and collagen content was significantly increased (about 10%) when compared with control group. These results indicate that ME could protect skin aging and wrinkle formation in hairless mouse from photo-irradiation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1185-1190
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Td booster immunization in early preadolescents of Korea. Methods : Healthy preadolescents, who had been vaccinated with 4 or 5 doses of DTaP vaccines until 6 years old age, were enrolled in this study from August 2006 to April 2007. Diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies in sera were measured by ELISA just before vaccination and 4 weeks after vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity. Local and systemic adverse reactions observed for 4 weeks after vaccination to access reactogenicity. Results : 183 preadolescents were enrolled and mean age was $11.40{\pm}0.51$ years old. All subjects achieved seroprotective diphtheria and tetanus anti-toxoid antibodies (titers ${\geq}0.1IU/mL$) after Td booster vaccination. Among 183 vaccinees, 73.8% showed local adverse reactions and 37.2% systemic adverse reactions. Pain at injection site (66.1%) was the most common local reaction, and the most commonly shown systemic reaction was myalgia (17.5%). The adverse reactions were spontaneously relieved within three days after vaccination. Conclusion : Td vaccine in this study was high immunogenic and showed an acceptable tolerance in Korean preadolescents. Td booster vaccination at 11-12 years old is the most effective method to increase compliance of the vaccination and to decrease the incidence of diphtheria and tetanus.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.103-107
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• 2012

We compared between an automated most-probable-number technique $TEMPO^{(R)}$TVC and traditional plating methods $Petrifilm^{TM}$ for estimating populations of total aerobic bacteria in various livestock products. 257 samples randomly selected in local retail stores and 87 samples inoculated with $E.$ $coli$ ATCC 25922, $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ ATCC 12868 were tested in this study. The degree of agreement was estimated according to the CCFRA (Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association Group) Guideline 29 and the agreement indicates the difference of two kinds methods is lower than 1 log base 10($log_{10}$). The samples of hams, jerky products, ground meat products, milks, ice creams, infant formulas, and egg heat formed products were showed above 95% in the agreement of methods. In contrast, proportion of agreement on meat extract products, cheeses and sausages were 93.1%, 92.1%, 89.1%, respectively. One press ham and five sausages containing spice and seasoning, two pork cutlets containing spice and bread crumbs, two meat extract product and two natural cheeses and one processing cheese with a high fat content, and one ice cream containing chocolate of all samples showed the discrepancy. Our result suggest that $TEMPO^{(R)}$TVC system is efficient to analyses total aerobic bacteria to compare manual method in time-consuming and laborious process except livestock products having limit of detection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.803-811
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• 2003

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics of yellow pigments in domestic and imported yellow croakers during distribution and storage. The croaker is generally adulterated by mixed color product of red and yellow pigment. This study found that the yellow pigment was stable during pH and temperature changes, but the red pigment was less stable than the yellow pigment. As for the light effect on the yellow pigment and the red pigment, there was no change in the remaining rate of the pigment stored in a dark place. The moisture content decreased according to the storage period, and the width of changes was large in the order of croaker stored at $5^{\circ}C$, croaker stored at $15^{\circ}C$ and dried croakers. The yellowness value of the abdomen of the adulterated white croaker did not show any large difference at the initial stage and for a storage period of 10 days at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the yellow croakers showed a decreasing trend according to the storage period at $15^{\circ}C$. The croaker can be generally adulterated by a mixed color of red and yellow pigment. For the texture change in accordance with the storage condition of the croakers, both the yellow and white croakers showed a gradually increasing trend of hardness when stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2013

To assess the effect of environmental factors on the sustainability of cultured production shellfish, we investigated the habitat characteristics of tidal flat (Namhae-po in Taean). We measured the physiochemical parameters (temperature, salanity, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients) and the geochemical characteristics (chemical oxygen demand, ignition loss, C/N ratio and C/S ratio). Surface sediments were collected from several site of tidal flat to examine the geochemical characteristics of both the benthic environment and heavy metal pollution. The grain size for research area of tidal flat were similar at the ratio of silt and clay in comparison with the other site of it. The C/N ratio was more than 5.0, reflecting the range arising from the mix of marine organism and organic matter. The C/S ratio (about 2.8) showed that survey area had anoxic or sub-anoxic bottom conditions. The enrichment factor (Ef) and index of accumulation rate (Igeo) of the metals showed that those research areas can be classified as heavily polluted, heavily to moderately polluted, or more or less unpolluted, respectively. Adult surf clam (Mactra veneriformis) density was highest at St. 2 (middle part of the Namhae-po), on the other hand, surf clam spat density was highest at St. 3 (lower part of the Namhae-po). Heavy rain, terrigenous suspended clay with fresh water from neighboring agricultural land, and severe high air temperature during summer could be thought as detrimental causes of spat and adult mortality in Namhae-po tidal flat. We suggested that the growth of shellfish in the tidal flat was effected by the various environmental conditions, so an improvement in the cultured method was needed.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2004

Purpose of the radio-therapy is maximize the radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing the dose to the critical organ. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix treatment are external irradiation or an interstitial brachtheraphy make use of isotope. Brachytherapy is a method of radiotherapy in advantage to achieve better local control with minimum radiation toxicity in comparison with external irradiation because radiation dose is distributed according to the inverse square low of gamma-ray emitted from the implanted sources. Authors make use of the patients data which 192Ir gives medical treatment intrcavity. Intracavitary radiation of the uterine cervix cancer, critical organ take $20\%$ below than exposure dose of A point in the ICRU report. None the less of the advice, Radiation proctitis and radiation cystitis are frequent and problematic early complications in patients treated with radiation for the uterine cervix cancer. In brachytherapy of uterine cervical cancer using a high dose rate remote afterloading system, it is of prime importance to deliver a accurate dose in each fractionated treatment by minimizing the difference between the pre-treatment planned and post-treatment calculated doses. Use of packing to reduce late complications intracavitary radiation of the uterine cervix cancer. Bladder and rectum changes exposure dose rate by radiotherphy make use of packing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.) on the activities of hepatic oxygen free radicals metabolizing enzymes and blood lipid profile in rats of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100~160 g were divides into 5 groups; control grouts (CON), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) treated group (CEL), ethanol (10 mL/kg, 35%) treated group (ETH), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) and ethanol treated group (CE1 ) and Cassia semen ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg ) and ethanol treated group (CE2), respectively. Compared with ETH, the growth rate of CE1 and CE2 were to be increased tendency, and in blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the activities of alanine aminotranferase and asparate aminotranferase elevated by ethanol were significantly decreased (p<0.05). It was observed that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase of rat liver increased by ethanol, were more decreased by the treatment of Cassia semen ethanol extract than the only ethanol-treated group. The content of glutathione depleted by ethanol treatment was increased in CE1 and CE2. TBA-reactants of liver increased by ethanol were decreased in CE1 and CE2, compared with ethanol-treated group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of Cassia semen may influence upon the ability of oxygen free radical detoxication and lowering of blood lipid level on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat.