• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.799-808
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• 2011

Let {${\Omega}$, $\mathcal{F}$, P} be a probability space and {$X_n{\mid}n{\geq}1$} be a sequence of random variables defined on it. A finite sequence of random variables {$X_i{\mid}1{\leq}i{\leq}n$} is a conditional associated given $\mathcal{F}$ if for any coordinate-wise nondecreasing functions f and g defined on $R^n$, $Cov^{\mathcal{F}}$ (f($X_1$, ${\ldots}$, $X_n$), g($X_1$, ${\ldots}$, $X_n$)) ${\geq}$ 0 a.s. whenever the conditional covariance exists. We obtain the H$\grave{a}$jek-R$\grave{e}$nyi-type inequality for conditional associated random variables. In addition, we establish the strong law of large numbers, the three series theorem, integrability of supremum, and a strong growth rate for $\mathcal{F}$-associated random variables.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2002

In this study, a 3D coordinate measurement system equipped with a laser displacement meter for digitizing rock joint surface was established and the digitized data were used to calculate several roughness parameters. The parameters used in this study were micro avenge inclination $angle(i_{ave})$, average slope of joint $asperity(SL_{ ave})$, root mean square of $i-angle(i_{rms})$, standard deviation of height(SDH), standard deviation of $i-angle(SD_i)$, roughness profile $index(R_P)$, and fractal dimension(D). The relationships between the roughness parameters based on the digitzation of the surface profile were analyzed. Since the measured value varied according to the degree of reflection and the variation of colors at the measuring point, rock joint surface was painted in white to minimize the influence of the surface conditions. The comparison of the measured values and roughness parameters before and after painting revealed the better consequence from measurement on the painted surfaces. Also, effect of measuring interval was studied. As measured interval was increased, roughness parameters were exponentially decreased. The incremental sequence of degree of decrease was $SDH\; i_{ave},\; i_{rms},\; SD_i,\;and\; R_ p-1$. As a result of comparison of parameters from pin-type measurement system and laser type measurement system, all value of parameters were higher when laser-type measurement system was used, except SDH.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2000

The structure of cis-(malonato)[(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxolane]platinum(II) with a potent anticancer activity has been determined by the X-ray crystallographic method. Crystal data are as follows: Pt(C/sub 11/H/sub 20/N₂O/sub 6/), M/sub 4/=471.38, monoclinic, P2₁, a=7.112(1), b=33.615(3), c=7.135(1)Å, β=116.80(1)°, V=1522.6(3)Å, and Z=4. The two independent molecules with very similar structures are approximately related by pseudo two-fold screw axis symmetry, which makes the monolinic cell look like the orthorhombic cell with one molecule in the asymmetric unit and space group C222₁. The crystal packing mode is similar to that of the analogue with the dimethyl substituents instead of the isopropyl group. The Pt atom is coordinate to two O and two N atoms in a square planar structure. The six-membered chelate ring in the leaving ligand assumes a conformation intermediate between the half chair and the boat forms. The seven-membered ring in the carrier ligand assumes a twist-chair conformation and the oxolane ring assumes an envelope conformation. Crystal packing consists of the extensive hydrogen-bonding network in the two-dimensional molecular layers and weak van der Waals interactions between these layers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.75-88
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• 1992

It is well established that neurons in ventrolateral medulla play a key role in determining the vasomotor tone. The purpose of present study is to identify sympathetic related, medullospinal tract neurons in ventrolateral medulla and to show that these mediate somato-sympathetic reflex. Medullospinal tract cells were identified by antidromic stimulation to intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the second thoracic ($T_2$) spinal cord in anesthetized cats. Peripheral nerves were stimulated for orthodromic activation of these cells and peripheral receptive fields were determined. Post R wave histogram of unit and spike triggered averaging of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) were used to define sympathetic related cell. A total of 113 neurons was recorded in ventrolateral medulla that had the axonal projections to $T_2$ spinal cord. Thirty four of these medullospinal cells showed spontaneous discharges and the others not. Between these two groups, rostro-caudal coordinate of the distribution from obex [$4.7{\pm}0.2\;$ (mean S.E.) mm, 4.1 0.1 mm], depth from dorsal surface ($5.5{\pm}0.2mm,\;4.9{\pm}0.1mm$ and conduction velocity ($9.9{\pm}1.7m/sec,\;16.7{\pm}1.9\;m/sec$) were significantly different (p<0.05). In spontaneously discharging group, characteristics of rostral and caudal groups were significantly different and we demonstrated that cells in rostral group mediate somatosympathetic reflex. From these results, we conclude that a certain portion of spontaneously discharging medullospinal tract cells in rostral ventrolateral medulla comprise the efferent outputs of somatosympathetic reflex to sympathetic preganglion neurons.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2018

We evaluated the influence of sampling technique (cannulation vs. stomach tube) and site (dorsal sac vs. ventral sac) on the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters in Hanwoo steers. Rumen samples were collected from three cannulated Hanwoo steers via both a stomach tube and cannulation, and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced on the MiSeq platform to investigate the rumen microbiome composition among samples obtained via 1) the stomach tube, 2) dorsal sac via rumen cannulation, and 3) ventral sac via rumen cannulation. A total of 722,001 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the three groups and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. There was no significant difference in the composition of the major taxa or alpha diversity among the three groups (p>0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented the first and second most dominant phyla, respectively, and their abundances did not differ among the three groups (p>0.05). Beta diversity principal coordinate analysis also did not separate the rumen microbiome based on the three sample groups. Moreover, there was no effect of sampling site or method on fermentation parameters, including pH and volatile fatty acids (p>0.05). Overall, this study demonstrates that the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters are not affected by different sampling techniques and sampling sites. Therefore, a stomach tube can be a feasible alternative method to collect representative rumen samples rather than the standard and more invasive method of rumen cannulation in Hanwoo steers.

• 에너지공학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1998

이 논문은 극좌표이 선로조류방정식을 이용하여 전압안정성 여유전력을 평가하는 고속계산법을 제안한다. 여기서, 선로조류방정식은 상태변수 Vi, $\delta$i, Vj와 $\delta$i 그리고, 선로정수 r과 x로 구성되는데 극좌표계의 특징을 이용하면 이것은 두 개의 변수 Vi와 Vj를 가진 하나의 식이 된다. 그리고, j 모선이 조류계산에서 전압크기로 지정되는 발전기 또는 slack 모선이라면, 변수 Vi만을 가진 하나의 식 즉, {{{{ { V}`_{i } ^{2 } }}에 대한 2차 방정식으로 정식화된다. 그러므로, 전력조류다근은 간단한 계산을 통해 구할 수가 있는데 이와 같이 구해진 다근은 감도해석 또는 다근의 근접도를 통해 전압안정도를 평가할 수 가 있었다. 또한, 전압안정도 평가시에 중요한 요소인 전력용 콘덴서와 같은 조상설비를 고려하여 전압안정성 여유전력을 평가하는 방법을 개발하였다. 제안한 방법을 시험계통에 적용하여 유효성을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.353-365
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• 2024

Rumen cannulation is a surgical technique used to collect rumen contents from ruminants. However, rumen cannulation surgery may potentially impact the composition of the rumen microbiota. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal alterations in the rumen microbiota composition of Hanwoo steers after cannulation surgery. In this study, eight Hanwoo steers were used; four steers underwent rumen cannulation surgery (cannulation group), while the remaining four were left intact (control group). Rumen samples were collected from all eight steers using the stomach tubing method on the day before surgery (day 0) and on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28, resulting in 80 samples (10 timepoints × 8 animals). The microbiota of all 80 samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology version 2 (QIIME2). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all major phyla and most major genera representing at least 0.5% of total sequences across all 80 samples between the control and cannulation groups on the preoperative and postoperative days. However, while the alpha diversity indices did not differ (p > 0.05) between the two groups on the preoperative day, they significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two groups on the postoperative days. Further, the overall microbial distribution based on both unweighted and weighted principal coordinate analysis plots significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two groups on both the preoperative and postoperative days. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts indicated that major genera and microbial diversity in the cannulation group decreased following surgery but returned to their initial states by postoperative day 28. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that rumen cannulation surgery affects some major taxa and microbial diversity, suggesting that the rumen cannulation method can alter the composition of rumen microbiota in Hanwoo steers.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Soil salinity causes reduction of crop productivity. Rhizosphere microbes have metabolic capabilities and ability to adaptation of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) could play a role as elicitors for inducing tolerance to stresses in plants by affecting resident microorganism in soil. This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of selected strains on rhizosphere microbial community under salinity stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiments were conducted in tomato plants in pots containing field soil. Bacterial suspension was inoculated into three-week-old tomato plants, one week after inoculation, and -1,000 kPa-balanced salinity stress was imposed. The physiological and biochemical attributes of plant under salt stress were monitored by evaluating pigment, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and ion concentrations. To demonstrate the effect of selected Bacillus strains on rhizosphere microbial community, soil microbial diversity and abundance were evaluated with Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and primer sets of 341F/805R and ITS3/ITS4 were used for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. As a result, when the bacterial strains were inoculated and then salinity stress was imposed, the inoculation decreases the stress susceptibility including reduction in lipid peroxidation, enhanced pigmentation and proline accumulation which subsequently resulted in better plant growth. However, bacterial inoculations did not affect diversity (observed OTUs, ACE, Chao1 and Shannon) and structure (principle coordinate analysis) of microbial communities under salinity stress. Furthermore, relative abundance in microbial communities had no significant difference between bacterial treated- and untreated-soils under salinity stress. CONCLUSION: Inoculation of Bacillus strains could affect plant responses and soil pH of tomato plants under salinity stress, whereas microbial diversity and abundance had no significant difference by the bacterial treatments. These findings demonstrated that Bacillus strains could alleviate plant's salinity damages by regulating pigments, proline, and MDA contents without significant changes of microbial community in tomato plants, and can be used as effective biostimulators against salinity stress for sustainable agriculture.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.274-282
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• 1998

그물실의 직경과 발 길이의 비율 d/l이 선망의 침강 운동에 어떤 영향을 끼칠 것인가를 해명하기 위해서 그물실의 직경은 0.45mm(PES 28 tex${\times}$2${\times}$2)의 것으로 모두 같고, 발 길이는 4.3, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6 및 7.7mm로 각각 다르게 편망된 6종류의 무결절 그물감을 사용해서 뜸줄의 길이 450cm, 그물의 폭 85cm가 되도록 제작하고 뜸 160g과 발돌 50g을 매달아서, 각각 I,II,III,IV,V및 Ⅵ형 그물이라고 했다. 회류 수조의 수로 상에 투망 장치를 설치해서 정지 상태의 수중에 선망 그물을 투망하고 상방과 측면에 설치한 비디오 카메라를 사용하여 그물의 침강과정을 촬영 톡화했으며, 그물에 표시한 측정점의 좌표를 화상 해석 장치로 읽고 실험 값을 구했다. 그리고, Runge-Kutta-Gill법에 의한 연립 미분방정식 해법을 이용하여 수치 해석을 행하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.그물 아랫자락의 침강속도는 d/l이 가장 작은 Ⅵ형 그물이 가장 빠르고, V,IV,III,II및 I형 그물 순으로 늦게 나타났다. 2.그물 벽에 대한 저항 계수는 d/l의 크기에 의존하여 $K{\arg}$=0.081$(d/l)^-0.5$의 관계식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 3.그물 다발의 저항 계수는 d/l의 크기에 의존하지 않은 $C_R=0.91(\frac{p}{$p_u$})$의 관계식으로 나타낼 수 있었다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

목적: 복부압박장치를 적용한 정위적방사선치료 시 환자 호흡에 기인하는 내부종양용적의 동적변이 양상을 연구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2012년 4월부터 2013년 4월까지 복부압박장치를 이용하여 정위적방사선치료를 받은 폐암 환자 20명(상엽 7명, 중엽 4명, 하엽 9명), 총 67건을 대상으로 하였다. 치료 자세의 변동과 호흡에 의해 움직이는 종양 위치 변동을 알아보기 위해 4차원 cone- beam CT (4D-CBCT)를 사용하여 좌표 이동 값을 얻었다. 각 부위별로 LR (좌우), SI (상하), AP (전후) 방향의 벡터의 95% 신뢰구간(95% Confidence interval, 95% CI), 최대값, 그리고 최소값을 통하여 비교하였으며 자세변동 보정 값과 호흡변동 보정 값 간의 피어슨 곱 상관계수를 통하여 일치도를 분석하였다. 결과: 호흡에 의한 종양용적의 각 부위별로 변동은 폐 상엽에서 1.8~2.9 mm, 중엽과 하엽에서 2.3~5.4 mm, 2.2~4.0 mm로 분석되었다(95%CI, P<0.001). 자세변동 보정 값과 호흡변동 보정 값 간의 일치도($R^2$)를 살펴보면 상엽은 LR방향, SI방향, AP 방향에서 각각 0.75, 0.68, 0.63으로 나타났고, 중엽은 각각 0.82, 0.51, 0.92로 나타났으며, 하엽은 각각 0.63, 0.50, 0.34로 나타났다. 결론: 폐암의 정위적방사선 치료 시 복부압박장치의 사용으로 폐에 위치하는 종양은 환자 호흡에 의해 각 부위별로 각기 다른 양상을 보였다. 따라서 치료 자세에 대한 보정뿐만 아니라 호흡에 의한 변동을 보정해야만 한다. 또한 이러한 각기 다른 동적변이로 인한 오차의 보정 시 4D-CBCT의 사용은 매우 유용한 것으로 사료된다.