• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.244-248
• /
• 2011

Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) was synthesized by oxidative polymerization using various Cu(I)-amine catalyst system. The effects of catalyst/monomer ratio, different amine ligand, and the content of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) additive on the polymer yield and molecular weight were investigated by using gel permeation chromatography. The catalytic activity of various Cu-amine systems on the 2,S-dimethylphenol (DMP) polymerization was monitored and compared each other through oxygen-uptake experiment. In addition, the effect of catalyst removal using aqueous EDTA on the thermal stability of the prepared polymer was elucidated by thermogravimetric analysis.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.148-157
• /
• 2016

Objective Our aim was to compare the compression quality, exercise intensity, and energy expenditure in 5-minute single-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using 15:1 or 30:2 compression-to-ventilation (C:V) ratios or chest compression only (CCO). Methods This was a randomized, crossover manikin study. Medical students were randomized to perform either type of CPR and do the others with intervals of at least 1 day. We measured compression quality, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) score, heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake, and energy expenditure during CPR. Results Forty-seven students were recruited. Mean compression rates did not differ between the 3 groups. However, the mean percentage of adequate compressions in the CCO group was significantly lower than that of the 15:1 or 30:2 group ($31.2{\pm}30.3%$ vs. $55.1{\pm}37.5%$ vs. $54.0{\pm}36.9%$, respectively; P<0.001) and the difference occurred within the first minute. The RPE score in each minute and heart rate change in the CCO group was significantly higher than those of the C:V ratio groups. There was no significant difference in maximal oxygen uptake between the 3 groups. Energy expenditure in the CCO group was relatively lower than that of the 2 C:V ratio groups. Conclusion CPR using a 15:1 C:V ratio may provide a compression quality and exercise intensity comparable to those obtained using a 30:2 C:V ratio. An earlier decrease in compression quality and increase in RPE and heart rate could be produced by CCO CPR compared with 15:1 or 30:2 C:V ratios with relatively lower oxygen uptake and energy expenditure.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.249-260
• /
• 1990

Maximal cardiac output and oxygen uptake $(VO_{2max})$ were measured during treadmill exercise for seven top-class marathoners and nine non-athletes using impedance cardiograph developed by one of the authors (DW Kim). Results of this study are summarized as belows. 1) New shoes with sponge and silicon rubber attached to the soles were developed to reduce motion artifact during treadmill exercise. Ensemble everaging techneque with the developed shoes was also used to improve the measurement of stroke volume using impedance cardiography. 2) Maximal cardiac output of the athletes, 14.98 L/min, was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 13.46 L/min. As maximal heart rate of the marathoners is lower than that of non-athletes, stroke volume of the former is significantly larger than that of the latter. 3) $VO_{2max}$ of the marathoners, 59.38 ml/kg/min, was higher than that of the non-athletes, 40.22 ml/kg/min. At the anaerobic threshold. $VO_{2max}$ of the former was 62.3% of $VO_{2max}$ and this was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 57.2%, This results indicates that the marathoners have higher aerobic capacity than the non-athletes. 4) The marathoners showed larger $VO_2$ than the non-athletes at the same cardiac output, indicating that a-v $O_2$ of the former is higher than that of the latter. 5) Maximal systolic pressure of the marathoners was higher than that of the non-athletes, and so was maximal rate-pressure products. These results indicate that heart oxygen consumption rate $(hVO_2)$ of the marathoner is higher than that of the non-athletes is mainly due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to their larger a-v $O_2$. The marathoners show both higher threshold and $VO_{2max}$. Especially, measurement of cardiac output during treadmill exercise by improved impedance cardiography is expected to contribute in study of cardiac function of athletes.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.11 no.7
• /
• pp.164-171
• /
• 2021

This study analyzed the post-exercise cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and recovery time through smoker's short - term smoking cessation and trunk stabilization exercise for 72 hours. We analyzed the effect of trunk stabilization exercise on the cardiopulmonary function of smokers and non-smokers. As a result, it was found that both smokers and non-smokers groups showed significant changes in pulmonary function (FVC, SVV, MVV), maximal oxygen uptake, recovery time Difference. This suggests that the trunk stabilization exercise may have a positive effect on the cardiopulmonary function of short-term non-smokers as well as non-smokers for a short period of time, and a more stable and effective method for preventing and improving the reduction of cardiorespiratory function

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.282-286
• /
• 1988

Growth kinetic parameters for mass cultivation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are estimated by measuring oxygen uptake rates. It Is found that there is strong correlation between cell growth and oxygen consumption, showing that correlation factor is 0.83. Derived linear model predicts actual cell density very well. It tells that oxygen uptake rate can play important role in indirectly measuring cell density when conventional method of estimating cell density is no longer meaningful due to heavy cell clumpings. Cell yield per oxygen consumption, $Y_{\chi}o$ and mass transfer coefficient for oxygen, Ka are also estimated as 1.26$\times$10$^4$cells/mmole $O_2$ consumed and 1.01/h, respectively. Average specific growth rate over all runs is 2.891/day for CHO cells with producting 2 grams of tPA per day under continuous perfusion operations.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.128-139
• /
• 2023

Urban forests serve multiple purposes by providing green resting spaces and environmental benefits for city residents. In the old city center, where parks are scarce, the campus of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea, serves as an urban forest for students, faculty, and citizens. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the environmental functions of green spaces on campus, raising awareness about their importance among campus members. The total carbon storage of campus trees was estimated at 1,653,218 kg, including 1,512,586 kg in forest areas, 131,061 kg in planting spaces around buildings, and 9,571 kg in street spaces. The annual carbon uptake of campus trees was estimated to be 39,391 kg/year, with 30,144 kg/year in forest areas, 8,017 kg/year in planting spaces around buildings, and 1,230 kg/year in horizontal spaces. In addition, annual oxygen production was estimated to be 105,044 kg/year, with 80,385 kg/year in forest areas, 21,378 kg/year in planting spaces around buildings, and 3,281 kg/year in street spaces. Furthermore, we estimated carbon emissions from the use of on-campus facilities to be 4,856,182 kg/year, while oxygen consumption by members was estimated at 53,975 kg/year. However, the campus trees supplied a sufficient amount of oxygen, which was twice the amount required by school members. The carbon uptake amount was approximately 1% of the amount of carbon emissions, resulting in a modest contribution to improving the environmental conditions of the site.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 2012

This study assessed the amount of energy consumed and fat deposition after endurance training in order to review the effect of 4-week endurance exercise on resting metabolic rate of a mouse during and after exercise and the effect of exercise. A total of 19 seven-week-old ICR male mice were used as the study subject. Those mice were divided into sedentary group (Sed) and trained group (Tr) after a week of environment adaption. The Tr group was trained with endurance exercise five times a week for four weeks. Weight and the amount of food intake were daily weighed and resting metabolic rate and metabolic rate after exercise were assessed before starting exercise and on the fourth week after training. Metabolic rate during exercise were measured four weeks after training. At the end of breeding period, statistically significant difference was shown in weights of trained and sedentary groups (p < 0.05). During a resting period, no significant difference was shown in oxygen intake, respiratory exchange ratio, and the amount of carbohydrate and fat oxidized. Moreover, no significant difference was shown in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of an hour period after training. In contrast, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) was approximately 11.1% higher in trained group after training compare to before. However, there was no significant difference in respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate and fat oxidization. During exercise, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange ratio in energy metabolism during exercise showed no significant difference. However, significant difference was exhibited in the amount of fat oxidized in both groups. Summing up those results, endurance exercise could be concluded to be effective in weight control. However, weight loss is thought to be resulted from increase in fat oxidization during exercise unlike the conclusion made from previous studies where weight loss is prominently influenced by energy metabolism during a resting period and increased fat oxidation during post-exercise recovery. All experimental procedures were carried out at the Animal Experiment Research Center of Konkuk University. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Konkuk University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.105-116
• /
• 1971

The effects of aconite root in rats and rabbits were studied following oral administration of the powder which was prepared by lyophilization of the decoction of the salted aconite roots. The $LD_{50}$ of the powder, the blood picture, total blood volume, uptake rate of ${42}^K$ and ${24}^Na$ in various organs, oxygen consumption, thyroid activity, and histopathological changes in various organs, were observed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The $LD_{50}$ of the powder of decoction of the aconite root was 4.07g/kg of body weight in mice which is equivalent to approximately 40g/kg of the salted aconite roots. 2. The number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, hematocrit value, and the amount of hemoglobin in blood were increased in the rats administered daily dosages of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0g/kg respectively. No significant differences were observed in the differential count of leukocytes. A slight tendency of hemoconcentration was recognized. 3. No changes in the erythrocyte volume, plasma volume and total blood volume were observed in the rats after administration of the powder for one, three, and six days. However, those were decreased in rats treated for ten days. 4. Generally, in various organs of rats the uptake rate of ${24}^Na$ showed a tendency of increasing but that of ${42}^K$ slowed a decreasing tendency. 5. The oxygen consumption was markedly decreased in rats administered the powder. 6. Iodine-131 uptake of thyroid gland was markedly decreased in the rabbits following administration of the powder. 7. In rabbits administered 0.5g/kg for 20 days, fatty changes of hepatic cells, cloudy swelling of the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney and the dilation of splenic sinuses were observed, however, milder changes were found in rabbits treated with 0.1g/kg for the same period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.480-486
• /
• 2006

On account of exchanging main process from chemical precipitation for MLE(Modified Ludzark-Ettinger), an external carbon source was required for supplementation of carbon source shortage that was needed biological denitrification in the S sewage treatment plant(S-STP). In this study, NUR(nitrate uptake rate), OUR(oxygen uptake rate) test and a field application test was conducted for the applicability assessment of Terephtalic acid(TPA) by-product contained about 4.7% acetate as alternative external carbon source. As the results, TPA by-product shows more rapid acclimation than methanol, 8.24 mg ${NO_3}^--N/g$ VSS/hr specific denitrification rate, 3.70 g $COD_{Cr}/g\;NO_3$ C/N ratio and 99.4% readily biodegradable COD contents. In the results of field application, the nutrient removal efficiency was high and effluent T-N concentration is 8.2 mg/L. It is concluded that TPA by-product is the proper alternative external carbon source.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2007

While respiratory burst enhances neutrophil glucose utilization, many neutrophil functions are critically influenced by extracellular matrix interaction and phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K) signaling. We thus evaluated the role of RGD integrin occupancy and PI3K inhibition on respiratory burst and [18F]FDG uptake of stimulated neutrophils. Human neutrophils were stimulated by 100 ng/mL phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA), and respiratory burst was measured by cumulative luminescence with lucigenin. [18F]FDG uptake and total hexokinase activity was measured 20 min after PMA stimulation in the presence or absence of soluble RGD peptides (200 g/mL) and/or the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (200 nM). PMA induced a 71.70.9 fold increase in neutrophil oxygen intermediate generation. [18F]FDG uptake was increased to $194.6{\pm} 3.7%$ and hexokinase activity to $145.0{\pm}2.0%$ of basal levels (both p<0.0005). RGD peptides attenuated respiratory burst activation to $35.6{\pm}0.2%$ (p<0.005), but did not inhibit stimulated [18F]FDG uptake or hexokinase activity. In contrast, without affecting respiratory burst activation, wortmannin inhibited PMA stimulated [18F]FDG uptake to $66.9{\pm}1.6%$ and hexokinase activity to $81.0{\pm}4.2%$ (both P<0.0005), demonstrating its dependence on PI3K activity. Neither RGD nor wortmannin reversed the other's inhibitory effect on stimulated [18F]FDG uptake and hexokinase activity or respiratory burst, which suggests the involvement of distinct signaling pathways. Neutrophil [18F]FDG uptake is enhanced by PMA through a mechanism that requires PI3K activity but is independent of integrin receptor occupancy or respiratory burst activation.