• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.445-457
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• 2019

This study investigated the impact of parentification on ambivalence over the emotional expression of early adults who had a sibling with disabilities and examined if rejection sensitivity moderated the relationship of parentification and ambivalence over emotional expression. Participants consisted of 116 siblings in early adulthood who had a sibling with disabilities (45 male; 71 female). The data were collected from 13 centers for family disability, four community rehabilitation centers, three parent societies for people with disabilities, and three self-help groups in Seoul, Busan, and Gyeonggi province. The levels of ambivalence over emotional expression, parentification, and rejecton sensitivity were measured by the Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (King & Emmons, 1990), the Filial Responsibility Scale-Adult (Jurkovic, Thirkield, & Morrell, 2001), and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996), respectively. The PROCESS Macro program examined the moderating model. The Results indicated that both levels of parentification and rejection sensitivity increased the level of ambivalence over emotional expression of non-disabled siblings. In addition, rejection sensitivity moderated the effect of parentification on ambivalence over emotional expression. The influence of parentification on ambivalence over emotional expression was greater when the level of rejection sensitivity was high, compared to when it was low.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of dopaminergic receptors (DR) in behavioral sensitization, as measured by locomotor activity, and the over-expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides after repeated administration of cocaine in mice. Repeated administrations of cocaine induced behavioral sensitization and CART over-expression in mice. The levels of striatal CART mRNA were significantly increased on the $3^{rd}$ day. CART peptides were over-expressed on the $5^{th}$ day in the striata of behaviorally sensitized mice. A higher proportion of $CART^+$ cells in the cocaine-treated mice were present in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell than in the dorsolateral (DL) part of caudate putamen (CP). The concomitant administration of both $D_1R$ and $D_2R$ antagonists, SCH 23390 ($D_1R$ selective) and raclopride ($D_2R$ selective), blocked cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression, and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/ protein kinase A (PKA)/phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) signal pathways. SCH 23390 more predominantly inhibited the locomotor activity, CART over-expression, pCREB and PKA activity than raclopride. Cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization was also attenuated in the both $D_1R$ and $D_2R$ knockout (KO) mice, respectively. CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signal pathways were inhibited in the $D_1R$-KO mice, but not in the $D_2R$-KO mice. It is suggested that behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signal pathways induced by repeated administration of cocaine could be more predominantly mediated by $D_1R$.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.427-433
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• 2009

Nuclear factor I-C (NFI-C) null mice demonstrated aberrant odontoblast differentiation and abnormal dentin formation. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these changes, we evaluated the expression of dentin matrix gene after over-expression and inactivation of NFI-C in MDPC-23 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Collagen type I (Col I), osteocalcin (OC), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) expression was decreased after inactivation of NFI-C. However, bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression was dramatically increased after inactivation of NFI-C. ALP and DMP4 expression was not changed after inactivation of NFI-C. The expression of alkaline phoshatase (ALP) and dentin matrix protein 4 (DMP4) was increased after over-expression of NFI-C, while Col I, OC, DSPP, and BSP expression was decreased. These findings suggest that odontoblasts after loss of NFI-C lost the phenotype of odontoblasts and acquired those of osteoblasts.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5889-5893
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• 2014

Over-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been identified as a common feature associated with clinical outcome in many types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (SCCO). However, the clinical importance of EGFR over-expression in SCCO remains unsettled as conflicting results exist. Therefore we carried out the present meta-analysis of published studies for clarification. A total of 13 studies including 1, 150 patients were enrolled. EGFR over-expression was positive in 722 of these cases. With EGFR over-expression, patients had higher depth of invasion, vascular invasion, and poor prognosis. However, expression had no relation with degree of differentiation, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage or lymphatic invasion. EGFR over-expression is probably a valuable predictor for the T stage, vascular invasion and OS, and it could be used as a poor prognosis indicator for the esophageal SCC patients. Targeting therapy to EFGR should be considered to the combined treatment in SCCO.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.748-760
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• 2021

The purpose of the study is to examine the mediating effects of ambivalence over emotional expression and psychological flexibility on the relationship between employees' beliefs about emotional expression and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. The subjects of this study were 346 employees(male: 176, female:170) over the age of 19. Questionnaires including beliefs about emotional expression, ambivalence over emotional expression, psychological flexibility, attitude toward seeking professional psychological help were conducted and the collected data were analyzed by using SPSS and Macro. A summary of the results as follows. First, in the results of the correlation analysis on the primary factors had a significant correlation. Second, psychological flexibility had a mediating effect in the relationship between beliefs about emotional expression and attitude toward seeking psychological help while mediating effect of ambivalence over emotional expression was not significant. Lastly, the sequential mediating effect of ambivalence over emotional expression and psychological flexibility between beliefs about emotional expression and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help was significant.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.283-287
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• 2007

$TGF-{\beta}1$ induces Ig germ-line ${\alpha}$ ($GL{\alpha}$) transcription and subsequent class switching recombination (CSR) to IgA. In the present study, we investigated the roles of two E3-ubiquitin ligases, Smurfs (HECT type) and Arkadia (RING finger type) on $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA CSR. We found that over-expression of Smurf1 and Smurf2 decreased $TGF{\beta}1$-induced $GL{\alpha}$ promoter activity and strengthened the inhibitory effect of Smad7 on the promoter activity. Further, over-expression of Smurf1 and Smurf2 decreased both Smad3/4-mediated and Runx3-mediated $GL{\alpha}$ promoter activities, suggesting that the Smurfs can down-regulate the major $TGF-{\beta}1$ signaling pathway and decrease $GL{\alpha}$ gene expression. In parallel, the over-expressed Smurf1 decreased the expression of endogenous IgA CSR-predictive transcripts ($GLT_{\alpha}$, $PST_{\alpha}$, and $CT_{\alpha}$) and also $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA secretion. Conversely over-expression of Arkadia abolished the inhibitory effect of Smad7 on $TGF{\beta}1$-induced $GLT_{\alpha}$ expression and IgA secretion. Similar results were obtained in the presence of over-expressed Smad7 and Smurf1. These results indicate that Arkadia can amplify $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA CSR by degrading Smad7, which interacts with Smurf1. We conclude that Smurf and Arkadia have opposite roles in the regulation of $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA isotype expression.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.9 s.211
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• pp.41-57
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the change of couple relationship factors predicting marital satisfaction and divorce intention over time tv comparing the couples' first year with their present year of marriage. The couple relationship factors consisted of affection, ambivalence, affectional expression, the expression of negativity. The study subjects 355 married women having preschool children aged 7 years old and elementary school students in the 6th grade. Data were analyzed by SPSSWIN with the method of MANOVA. The results of this study showed that couples in happy groups without divorce intention became less affectionate and demonstrated less affectional expression, and more ambivalence and expression of negativity over time. However, the amount of change was not as large as that of the unhappy groups. The findings of this research indicated that the decline of affection and affectional expression and the increase of ambivalence and expression of negativity were probably, as normative, a natural consequence of the transition from the first year of marriage to a more mature relationship. Therefore, the change over time was not important. However, the amount and aspects of change were the main points which researchers and practitioners should pal attention to in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2017

This study analyzes the trends of photo image components and forms of expression in global fashion advertising photos. First, photo image components are classified into seven categories: location (indoor-outdoor), the model's movement, pose, facial expression, gender, race and number of models. The forms of expression are classified into six categories: direct expression, sensual expression, symbolic expression, storytelling expression, dramatic expression, and sexual expression. With the aforementioned classifications, the trends were studied for three years from 2013 to 2015. The analysis result indicates the following: for the details of photo image components, the portion of indoor photos, static poses and conscious facial expressions was over 60% of the total for every season of the 3 years, while there was a slight increase in the number of models and the diversity of races. For the forms of expression, the sensual expression showed the largest portion accounting for over 50% of the total, followed by direct expression and storytelling expression. The findings from this study show that the trends of photo image components and forms of expression in global fashion advertisements are changing. Therefore, domestic companies will need to develop photo image components and forms of expression in line with the changing global fashion advertisement trends.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.459-474
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• 2023

This study aimed to examine the effect of parentification on the smartphone dependency of upper elementary school children in double-income families and to verify whether ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness sequentially mediates the relationship between parentification and smartphone dependency. The participants were 311 upper-elementary school students (4th to 6th graders; 126 boys, 40.5%) in doubleincome households residing in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Incheon. The data were collected through an online self-report questionnaire completed by the participants and were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.7 software. The results can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the direct effect of parentification on the smartphone dependency of the children from double-income families was statistically insignificant. Secondly, ambivalence over emotional expression mediated the effect of parentification on smartphone dependency, while loneliness did not. Lastly, parentification influenced smartphone dependency through the sequential mediating channel of ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness. In conclusion, these findings indicate that interventions for smartphone-overdependent children from double-income families should place emphasis on children's psychological difficulties attributed to parentification. Specifically, this study highlights the importance of alleviating the levels of ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness to address the issue of children's smartphone dependency in double-income families, suggesting possible involvement and support at both household and societal levels.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.641-646
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• 2012

In our recent report on gene expression in gastric cancer we identified the endo-sulfatase Sulf-1 gene to be up-regulated in gastric tumors relative to apparently normal (AN), and paired normal (PN) gastric tissue samples. In the present report we investigate the protein expression levels of Sulf-1 gene in gastric tumors, AN and PN samples using tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry. Expression data was collected from two sets of TMA's containing replicate sections of tissue samples. Scoring data from TMA set-1 revealed a significant difference in Sulf-1 immunoreactivity between tumors and "normals" (PN and AN) (p-value = 0.001928). Also, Sulf-1 expression in tumors was also significantly different from either PN (p-value = 0.019) or AN (p-value = 0.006) samples. Similar results were obtained from analysis of scoring data from the second set of arrays. Comparison of mRNA expression and protein expression in gastric tumor tissues revealed that in 6/20 (30%) tumor samples showed up-regulated protein expression concordant with over-expression of mRNA. However, a discord with mRNA being over-expressed relative to down regulated protein expression was observed in majority 14/20 (70%) of tumor samples. Our study indicates down regulation of Sulf-1 protein expression in gastric tumors relative to PN and AN samples which is discordant with mRNA over-expression seen in tumors.