• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.27-48
• /
• 2022

This paper reconsiders the empirical evidence of the relationship between tax treaties and FDI using U.S. outbound FDI to 78 countries over the period of 2007-2018. Unlike previous studies, we explicitly consider differences in the tax environments of recipient economies, including their tax-haven status, transfer pricing rules, CFC rules and anti-avoidance regulations, in our estimations. Our results confirm the importance of controlling for country-specific tax environments, especially the tax-haven status and transfer pricing rules. We find that tax treaties positively contribute to FDI inflows in developing countries, while they have no statistically significant impacts on OECD countries. Recently signed tax treaties still foster FDI but less than older ones do. Finally, our results indicate, all other things being equal, that the weaker the transfer pricing regulations, the greater the amount of U.S. direct investment into a non-OECD economy.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2004.06a
• /
• pp.1374-1378
• /
• 2004

Railway conflict detection and resolution problem (RCDRP) involves complicated field constraints that should be considered for practical service. In this paper, we address those constraints in brief. Particularly, following situations are addressed; (1) temporal change of network topology, (2) consideration of diverse conditions of track and train, for example, single/double tracks and passenger/freight service, (3) siding capacity limitation, (4) bidirectional sides used by both inbound and outbound trains, (5) regulation for passenger transfer service, (6) consideration of siding length, (7) Restriction on stopping before the track segment with steep slope.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.679-697
• /
• 2011

This study analyzed the characteristics of spaces to and from which middle school students transfer, especially centering around the school districts of Southern area in Gyeonggi Province such as Suwon, Osan, Yongin, and Hwaseong. This study was conducted to provide the suggestions regarding educational policies such as the positioning to appropriate school districts, improving of educational environment, and implementing of educational equity, by analyzing, based on the empirical data, the educational spaces of four cities showing rapid population growth due to recent suburbanization. The characteristics of distribution of variables such as schools for each district affecting the student transfer, housing development, and socioeconomics in the research object region are mainly analyzed through the correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and cluster analysis. As a result, there is shown a distinct spatial difference between school districts of the cty downtown and urban fringe, and between school districts of the conventional cities(cities that have been from the past: note of translator) and new land development regions. First, the school districts in the city downtown showed lots of transfers between neighboring school districts, while the school districts in the urban fringes showed transfer-out tendencies strongly. Second, it was the new land development regions where the transfer-in rate is the highest in the Southern area of Gyeonggi Province. Third, the said new land development regions required the supply of educational installations and educational support that can meet educational demands, since these regions have relatively lower qualitied educational environments compared to the conventional cities where the fluidity of students is lower. Fourth, in the summary of all of the said three results, the student transfer in the southern area of Gyeonggi Province was shown in the spaces centering around the multi-core area by reflecting the restructuring of suburban area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.23 no.7 s.85
• /
• pp.181-190
• /
• 2005

The time required for airport process is considered more important as the airports are becoming bigger. International Civil Aviation Organization mattes this international standards and recommends not to exceed it. The passenger forecasting model is developed to predict the number of passengers at the check-in counter, and the area of formalities for departure and entry. In case of forecasting the number of outbound-passengers. the patterns of show-up lead time(SLT) at the check-in counter and lag time from check-in counter to the area of departure formalities are modeled in terms of time. On the other hand, the matter of the choice of check-in counters and areas of departure formalities are modeled in terms of space. In case of forecasting the number of inbound-passengers and transfer passengers, the time of airplane movement from arrival to block on at the gate and the time of passengers required from gate to the area of formalities for entry are modeled in terms of time. While the matter of the choice of gates and the areas of formalities for entry are modeled in terms of space. The average error of forecasting outbound-passengers and inbound-passengers is respectively 15% and 10%, which are considered excellent with the 5% error of passenger reservation information as input data. Through the development of passenger forecasting models, we assure we could provide passengers with valuable service because we allocate resource such as employees and equipments according to the degree of concentration of passengers.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.159-188
• /
• 2002

International joint ventures are usually formed and managed by domestic companies and foreign investors for the common objectives. They offer an opportunity for each partner to benefit significantly from the comparative advantages of the other. Local partners bring knowledge of the domestic market; familiarity with government bureaucracies and regulations; understanding of local labor markets; and existing manufacturing facilities. Foreign partners can offer advanced process and product technologies, management know-how, and access to export markets. In Korea, joint ventures have been encouraged to usher in foreign investors with foreign currency capital badly needed during the IMF financial crisis. In the meantime, Korean laws and regulations with respect to joint ventures have been largely overhauled to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) both inbound and outbound. They include four types of FDI, i.e., acquisition of foreign stocks, provision of long-term loans, participation in joint operations like resources development, and establishment of foreign offices. From the legal point of view, the formal joint venture agreement must be an offspring of a series of tough negotiations between domestic and foreign partners. They usually stress the long-term relationship with the good will and dedication to each other, and restrict the free transfer of stocks. Both partners are earnestly interested in the ownership and management of the joint venture. So they keep a close eye on the articles of incorporation, changes of business environment, conflict resolution methods, transparency of accounting and other financial matters. When a multinational corporation (MNC) is involved in the joint venture, conflicts over management strategies, marketing and other issues take place more often than not between the MNC and local partners. We have to pay attention to joint ventures, particularly, in China and North Korea. As witnessed in other transition economies, China is eagerly bringing in foreign direct investments for the development of nation's economy. China encourages foreign investors to establish ordinary joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, solely invested foreign capital companies and jointly operated development companies with local partners. In North Korea, however, joint ventures have a different meaning like contractual joint ventures in China, in which North Korean partners have an initiative in the management. Rather, jointly operated companies or simply processing-for-wage companies are recommended in view of the unpredictable legal infrastructure in North Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.49-99
• /
• 2021

Gwangdeoksan Mountain (699.3 m) is the highest border mountain between the two cities of Chungcheongnamdo Province, Cheonan and Asan, Korea. In this study, we investigated the flora of Gwangdeoksan Mt. from April of 2015 to October of 2017. Through 20 independent field investigations, we identified and tallied a total of 428 species, 9 subspecies, 30 varieties, and a forma in 287 genera and 97 families. Of a total of 468 taxa, 128 taxa in 112 genera and 58 families were found to be Korean endemic species (7 taxa), floristic regional indicator species (45 taxa), rare or endangered species (3 taxa), species subject to the approval of outbound transfer (73 taxa), and alien or ecosystem disturbing species (32 taxa). The flora of Gwangdeoksan Mt. can be divided into four distinct floristic subregions, with higher diversity in the north-facing subregion. The complex flora of Gwangdeoksan Mt., emerging at the edge of two floristic regions of the Korean peninsula, may represent a significant conservation priority and a topic for future ecological and geographical studies.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.469-489
• /
• 2023

Six field surveys were conducted at 29 locations from April 2020 to April 2022 to identify the freshwater flora of the Taean Peninsula. Based on the collected specimens, the vascular plants of the Taean Peninsula were summarized as 391 taxa: 94 families, 248 genera, 362 species, 5 subspecies, and 24 varieties. Freshwater plants in the Taean Peninsula consisted of 104 taxa, 45 taxa for aquatic plants, and 59 taxa for wetland plants. When classified by life history, annuals accounted for 33 taxa, winter annuals 5 taxa, biennial 6 taxa, and perennials accounted for most of the 60 taxa. Among the 391 identified taxa, 2 taxa of Endangered plants, 3 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 5 taxa of IUCN red list plants, 49 taxa of Korean floristic target plants, 38 taxa of biological resources subject to the approval of outbound transfer, 55 taxa alien plants and 7 taxa of ecosystem disturbing plant. The results of this study are intended to be used as basic data on the freshwater environment and distribution of aquatic plants in the Taean Peninsula.