• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1319-1328
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• 2011

Rhododendron brachycarpum is a evergreen broad-leaved shrub and belongs to the Ericaceae family and the Rhododendron genus. It is well known for its beautiful leaves and flowers. There are 11 species of the Rhododendron genus in Korea. It includes 3 species - Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron aureum Georgi and Rhododendron brachycarpum var. roseum Koidz. They grow naturally over 1,000 meters above sea level of the Baekdu Mountain Range in Korea. These habitats, according to investigations of 9 Rhododendron brachycarpum natural habitats, are mostly located on the slope of mountains facing north at an altitude of 1,200 m to 1,526 m above sea level with angle of inclination from 30 degrees to 45 degrees. Based on the result of vegetation analysis of dominance species in the quadrates, there are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla in species of upper trees, and so on. Dominant species of woody plants in tree layer are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla, Betula platyphylla and Veeatrum patulum Loes. fil, Erythronium japonicum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Paeonia japonica var. glabra Makino are founded in herbaceous plants. And we can see another result of the investigation that the flowering rates of the plants with the buds are highly ranked mountains such as Mt. Hambaek 68%, Mt. Gyebang 40%, Mt. Yagksu 9%, Mt. Gaein 7% and Mt. Seolag 0%. The results show that there are 24 over 15-year-old Rhododendron brachycarpums in Mt. Odae and are 56 under 15-year-old trees in Mt. Hambaek and are no trees in Mt. Gyebang and are 9 over 30-year-dead trees only in Mt. Taebaeg. Out of found trees, the highest tree is 7 m in height and 0.6 m in diameter. Also this result shows what are the vulnerability factors of the natural habitats. They are as follows: indiscriminate trails in mountains, damages by mountain climbers, uncareful plant collecting, the fierce competitions with other plants such as Acer pseudosieboldianum var. ishidoyanum Uyeki, Quercus aliena, Celastrus orbiculatus and damages by disease and insect, unusual temperature in natural habitats, etc. Rhododendron brachycarpums have high ornamental value and excellent pharmaceutical effect. But the areas of its habitats decrease dramatically. So we need measures to protect and their natural habitats. It is necessary that we conductfurther investigations to designate conservation area for Rhododendron brachycarpums.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-248
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• 2004

This study was carried out to propose improvement planting method by the research and analysis of planting concept, planting density, planting style and pattern in apartment complex, Seoul. Survey sites were selected by reflecting the change of green area ratio : Hawgok Jugong apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1974), Samik-green apartment complex, Gangdong-gu(1980), Dongsindaea apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1992). Green area in apartment complex was classified with front green area, side green area, and back-side green area. Planting concept that composed of landscape planting concept but anyother concept was not, was similar to all sites not differ from creation time. And planted species was not differ from planting style. Planting density was of both conopyㆍunder story layer was 0.0∼0.2 tree/$m^2$, and that of shrub layer was 0.0∼0.5 tree/$m^2$ Shrub layer planting density was insufficient and the density was not changed according to the creation time. Canopyㆍunderstory and shrub was planted to another green space, not concern with multi-layer structure. Planting pattern was utilized to single planting, linear planting, and random triangle planting, but it was not to the change that in each green space planting concept. Green area in apartment complex should be variety according to planting density, planting structure and planting pattern. And we should get the function of covering and beauty in case of front green space, that of ecological environment and increasing green volume in case of back-side green area, that of increasing green volume in case of side green area, apartment complex.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 1998

An objective of this study was to provide database for the planting disign of buffer green space. Types, planting structure, and effect of vuffer green space were investigated in five housing complexes of newtown of metropolitan area, Korea. Buffer green space in the study sites were constructed as mounding, slope, and plate. The number of species was found 20 tree and sub-tree species(10 evergreen and 20 deciduous species ) and 13 shrub species. These species were planted in one-storyed planting structure and there was no difference with ornamental species in the urban parks. Effect of sound proof by the buffer green space was recognized but sound level in four types among the seven types was observed above standard sound level for housing complex(65dB). Effect of sound proof was especially most effective in the mounding type. It was found that planting density and index of plant crown volume were mot satisfied to the function of buffer green space because of lower density and crown volume than natural vegetation per unit. Based on these results, this study suggested that buffer green space is desirable to be developed in the mounding type over two meters height with multi-layer planting model. In addition, there is needed to consider vegetation structure of natural forest around the developing site.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1975

The Koran native economic and ornamental trees consisting 12 species of 4 gymnosperm families and 3 strains, 6 varieties and 18 species of 12 angiosperm families were irradiated by X-and ${\gamma}$-ray at three different dose rates; 1) acute, 2) semi-acute, and 3) chronic irradiation in order to know their radiosensitivities and the radition effects on mutation induction. Different materials such as seeds, cuttings, scions and plants of the above trees were used in this study, depended upon tree. Most of the materials irradiated showed a high radiosensitivity. The LD-50 of conifer trees ranged from 1.2kR to 13.2kR, averaging 5.4kR which was remarkably higher than field crops. On the other hand the LD-50 dose of hard wood trees ranged from 7.0kR to 18.5kR, averaging 12.7kR. All the tested trees were classified into several categories based upon the relative radiosensitivity of each species which was measured at the dose of LD-50. Variegation was most common among the induced mutants. The other mutations were albino, chlorophyll deficiency, deformed leaf and fruits. It was noticeable that giant-leaf bud-sport mutants were induced in Chinese chestnut (Castanea bungeana) and yellow leaf bud-sport ones appeared in oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1979

In order to substract the time and cost of propagation for inducing the haploid plants per each species. 500 anthers of late uninucleate microspore on early binucleate microspore stage of Robinia pseudoacacia (Fuel tree) Punius granatum (Ornamental tree). Aleurites fordii (Faty tree) and Styrax japonica (Silvicultural tree) were cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with Kinetin, 2.4-D and NAA as growth regulators. And I observed the samples of cultured anthers under the microscope which were made by Microtoming method and Paraffin method. The results were summarized as follows: 1) Among 500 cultured anthers per each species, anther numbers inducing the diploid callus were as follow: Styrax japonica 20 (4% for the species total); Aleurites fordii 10 (2% for the species, total) and Punica granatum 45 (9% for the species total) were showed. 2) 2n Callus were induced from anther wall. but haploid callus were induced from anther locule. 3) Haploid callus were induced only in 25 anthers (5% for the species total) of Robinia pseudoacacia. 4) These haploid callus were not originated from body cell of anther wall tissue, but from reduced microspores, 5) Since already reported many herbaceous haploid plants were induced from the callus which were originated from reduced microspores, I conclude that the anther of woody plant which induced the haploid callus also will be cultured haploid plant.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.50-60
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• 2014

This study aims to sort out the plants in "Poetry of the South" what is in the written by Qu Yuan in the Kingdom of Chu and to analyze the utility and appreciation of plants. The conclusions are as follows. First, there were 80 plant names and 56 plant species were sorted out, and these results can confirm that the plants were existed in the 340-277 BC. Second, through analyzing the utility of the plants, herba lycopi, basil etc. as the garden plants; lotus, chrysanthemum etc. as the ornamental plants; galangal and cannabis sativa as the present; basil, musa basjoo, etc. as the sacrifice plants. Third, through analyzing the appreciation of the plants, golden birch, chrysanthemum etc. for gustatory appreciation; herba lycopi and pine tree etc. for tactile appreciation; bamboo for sensory appreciation. Forth, through analyzing the token of the plants, calamus and basil etc. are the symbol of personal character noble; wormwood and caltrop etc. are the symbol of villain. Based on the research of "Poetry of the South", it can help to understand the plants culture in 340-277 BC, and it will be a useful information for the plant design.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 1999

This study was carried out to develop new cultivars of Z. serrata showing yellow fall leaf. Z. serrata which had yellow fall leaves were selected and then examined for contents of leaf anthocyanin and chlorophyll. In addition, for the progeny test, selected trees were grafted. Of 21 trees having yellow autumn leaves, three individuals, 'S-4', 'S-14', and 'J-32' were finally selected. They contained high level of anthocyanin with higher level in the leaves. Once developed, the yellow color remained till late autumn. Grafted plants of the selected strains showed high grafting efficiency and vigorous growth. Yellow foliage color were found to be maintained in the grafted trees. The tree 'S-4' was 7 m tall and 6 m in crown width, whereas 'S-14' and 'J-32' were 6 m tall and 4m in crown width. The soil pH of the survey sites ranged from 5.9 to 7.24. However, other soil characteristics did not show much difference among the sites with regard to inorganic nutrients including $N,\;P_2O_5,\,CEC,\,K^+,\,Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg.^{2+}$ 'S-4', 'S-14', and 'J-32' clonal lines developing yellow fall leaf were selected as new cultivars and propagated by grafting.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.110-126
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• 1995

Korean economy has been developed successfully in the course of implementing the five year economic development plans since 1962. The gap of incomes and quality of life between rural and urban area has been widened and it made rural farm laborers drain to urban areas. Therefore the prevailing situation of labor shortage and wage hike in rural area has made farm management deteriorate in recent years. Under the internal and international unfavorable economic conditions, marginal farm land of 66.5 thousand ha has been idled as of end of 1993. The total area outside agricultural development zone with bad farming conditions including irrigation and drainage, and land consolidation for mechanization were estimated at 360.4thousand ha equivalent to 17.5% of the total farm land area in Korea. Considering the topographical conditions of marginal lands, the effective use of marginal lands should be studied from the view point of public interest rather than from the view point of individual economic conditions. Considering the present agricultural economic settings, such as price decrease, unfavourable benefits of farm products, labour shrotage, free trade of farm products and poor physical condition of marginal lands, the institutional and realistical measures for the effective utilization of idle and marginal land should be studied as soon as possible. Detail land use pattern should be surveyed in the areas outside agricultural development zone and have to be classified as orchard farms, grass land, fish culture farms, lawn and ornamental tree farm, sight seeing and leisure farms for urban peoples, special crops production farms and common farms to be developed for farm mechanization. According to the surveyed results, the expected utilization patterns of the idle and marginal lands could be considerd as village common use, farm land base development, leisure farm development, mutual complementary utilization between urban and rural areas, G't purchase and management, credit supply and new extension services, improvement of cropping patterns and sight seeing and leisure farm patterns. For the successful and reasonable management of the marginal lands, the actions such as institutional improvement, prohibition of idle marginal land, enforcement of activities of farm management committee members and land banking system of RDC including development and utilization systems should be included.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2022

Oxypetalum coeruleum, commonly known as Tweedia, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Apocynaceae family native to southern Brazil and Uruguay. Tweedia plants are grown as one of the most popular ornamental flowers for floral arrangement in Korea. In May 2021, several tweedia plants in a single greenhouse in Gimje, Jeollabuk-do were found to show virus-like symptoms including necrotic rings, vein-clearing, chlorotic mottle, and mosaic on the leaves, and necrosis on the stems. Here, we have identified tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in symptomatic tweedia leaves by applying high-throughput RNA sequencing. In the result, a single infection by TSWV was verified without mixed infections of different virus species. To confirm the presence of TSWV, a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed with a specific primer set to the N gene of TSWV. The complete genomic sequence of L, M, and S segments of TSWV 'Oxy' isolate were determined and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers LC671525, LC671638, and LC671639, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree analysis by maximum likelihood method, 'Oxy' isolate showed a high relationship with TSWV 'Gumi' isolate from Gerbera jamesonii in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; for all three RNA segments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSWV infection of O. coeruleum in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1971

In order to examine the taxonomic difference between the type of Pinus parviflora S. et Z. native to the Dagelet Island and the type of the species introduced to a number of places of the inland of South Korea, investigations on principal characters of needle, cone and seed were made with a hope to obtain informations on the evaluation of the species for possible use in the reforestation program in Korea in the future. Pinus parviflora is belonged to the Sub-genus Haploxylon of Genus Pinus and it has been speculated among dendrologists that this speoies is not monotypic. 308 rendomly selected trees from 8 different elevations of a natural stand of P. parviflora in the Dagelet Island, and 168 trees of P. parviflora growing at 15 different locations of the inland of South Korea were employed as samples along with 300 trees of P. koraiensis as control. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The needle length of the Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is longer than that of the species growing in the inland by 21-35 percent with statistical significancy. (Table 2) 2. In the cross section of needle, no resin canal was observed in about 50-70 percent of the sample trees of the Dagelet Island, whereas the resin canals appearing at external in most cases were observed in all sample trees from the inland. Consequently, the number of resin canals per needle was 0.4-0.9 with the Dagelet Island type and 2.0-2.7 with the inland type and these differences were statistically significant. (Table 3, Fig.2) 3. The Pinus parvviflora type of the Dagelet Island bas yellowish brown cones, and the Pinus parviflora type of Suwon and Kwangyang has redish brown cones. In both the length of cone and the number of cone scale, the difference between the type of the Dagelet Island and the type of the inland was also statistically significant. The cone scales of the Dagelet Island type are slightly opened, whereas the cone scales are widely opened with both of Suwon and Kwangyang type. (Table 4, Fig. 3) 4. the seed color, of the Dagelet Island type is yellowish brown, while it is greyish brown with Kwangyang and Suwon type. In the length and width of seed, the Dagelet Island type showed significantly larger values than that of the inland type. The length of seed was longest with the Kwangyang type being followed by Suwon and the Dagelet Island type in ordar. The seed wing of the Kwangyang type are longer than the seed, while that of the Dagelet Island type is degenerated to be shorter than the seed. (Table 5, Fig. 4) 5. The Pinus parviflora type of the Dagelat Island is similar in many respects to the southern type of Pinus parviflora of Japan except that many has no resin canals in the needle. 6. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is significantly different from the type of the species introduced to the inland and that there is no recognizable variation between the population of the different altitude of the Dagelet Island and the individual variation within population is also negligible. In the light of the high value of the tree not only as an ornamental tree but as an economical tree, The type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is considered to be recommendable to be used for the future reforestation program of Korea.